全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2644篇 |
免费 | 126篇 |
国内免费 | 19篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 24篇 |
儿科学 | 45篇 |
妇产科学 | 28篇 |
基础医学 | 270篇 |
口腔科学 | 30篇 |
临床医学 | 161篇 |
内科学 | 905篇 |
皮肤病学 | 37篇 |
神经病学 | 171篇 |
特种医学 | 184篇 |
外科学 | 397篇 |
综合类 | 9篇 |
预防医学 | 66篇 |
眼科学 | 43篇 |
药学 | 144篇 |
中国医学 | 4篇 |
肿瘤学 | 271篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 23篇 |
2022年 | 35篇 |
2021年 | 90篇 |
2020年 | 50篇 |
2019年 | 52篇 |
2018年 | 58篇 |
2017年 | 64篇 |
2016年 | 59篇 |
2015年 | 61篇 |
2014年 | 90篇 |
2013年 | 99篇 |
2012年 | 160篇 |
2011年 | 184篇 |
2010年 | 130篇 |
2009年 | 62篇 |
2008年 | 185篇 |
2007年 | 165篇 |
2006年 | 170篇 |
2005年 | 167篇 |
2004年 | 178篇 |
2003年 | 160篇 |
2002年 | 128篇 |
2001年 | 28篇 |
2000年 | 31篇 |
1999年 | 27篇 |
1998年 | 42篇 |
1997年 | 28篇 |
1996年 | 23篇 |
1995年 | 14篇 |
1994年 | 23篇 |
1993年 | 9篇 |
1992年 | 23篇 |
1991年 | 16篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 13篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 13篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1969年 | 6篇 |
1968年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有2789条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
Hiroshi Mukae Takeshi Kaneko Yasushi Obase Masaharu Shinkai Toshio Katsunuma Kiyoshi Takeyama Jiro Terada Akio Niimi Hiroto Matsuse Kazuhiro Yatera Yoshihiro Yamamoto Arata Azuma Hirokazu Arakawa Takashi Iwanaga Haruhiko Ogawa Kiyoyasu Kurahashi Yasuhiro Gon Hirokazu Sakamoto Jun Tamaoki 《Respiratory investigation》2021,59(3):270-290
Cough and sputum are common complaints at outpatient visits. In this digest version, we provide a general overview of these two symptoms and discuss the management of acute (up to three weeks) and prolonged/chronic cough (longer than three weeks). Flowcharts are provided, along with a step-by-step explanation of their diagnosis and management. Most cases of acute cough are due to an infection. In chronic respiratory illness, a cough could be a symptom of a respiratory infection such as pulmonary tuberculosis, malignancy such as a pulmonary tumor, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, drug-induced lung injury, heart failure, nasal sinus disease, sinobronchial syndrome, eosinophilic sinusitis, cough variant asthma (CVA), atopic cough, chronic laryngeal allergy, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), and post-infectious cough. Antibiotics should not be prescribed for over-peak cough but can be considered for atypical infections. The exploration of a single/major cause is recommended for persistent/chronic cough. When sputum is present, a sputum smear/culture (general bacteria, mycobacteria), cytology, cell differentiation, chest computed tomography (CT), and sinus X-ray or CT should be performed. There are two types of rhinosinusitis. Conventional sinusitis and eosinophilic rhinosinusitis present primarily with neutrophilic inflammation and eosinophilic inflammation, respectively. The most common causes of dry cough include CVA, atopic cough/laryngeal allergy (chronic), GER, and post-infectious cough. In the last chapter, future challenges and perspectives are discussed. We hope that the clarification of the pathology of cough hypersensitivity syndrome will lead to further development of “pathology-specific non-specific therapeutic drugs” and provide benefits to patients with chronic refractory cough. 相似文献
72.
Tadasu Ikeda Osamu Mokuda Yutaka Tokumori Akira Takeda Masato Tominaga Hiroto Mashiba 《Metabolism: clinical and experimental》1983,32(8):835-837
Using the isolated and perfused rat pancreas preparations, we examined whether or not the direct transmission of signals from the gastro-duodenum to the pancreatic islets is existent. Pancreases were isolated en bloc with stomach and the proximal portion of duodenum and were perfused without recirculation. After perfusion with 5.5mM glucose in the perfusate for 40 minutes, 1 ml solution of the following nutrients (0.9% and 9% NaCl, 5% and 50% glucose, 5% and 50% fructose) was respectively infused into the stomach. And ten minutes after the infusion, the pancreas was perfused with 16.7 mM glucose for 20 minutes. Although the glucose-induced insulin release was similar to controls in the pancreas with intragastric infusion of 0.9% NaCl, 5% glucose, and 5% fructose, it was significantly lowered in the pancreas with intragastric infusion of 9% NaCl, 50% glucose, and 50% fructose. These results indicate that there is a direct transmission of some signals from the gastro-duodenum to the pancreatic islets through intragastric high osmolarity. 相似文献
73.
74.
Matsuda H Hayashi K Wakino S Kubota E Honda M Tokuyama H Takamatsu I Tatematsu S Saruta T 《Hypertension》2004,43(3):603-609
Although the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor-induced bradykinin enhances nitric oxide (NO) release, bradykinin may also stimulate the production of an additional vasodilator, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). This study examined the role of EDHF in mediating the NO-independent action of ACE inhibitors in canine renal microcirculation in vivo. We used intravital CCD camera videomicroscopy that allowed direct visualization of renal microcirculation in superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons in an in vivo, in situ, and relatively intact setting. In the presence of E4177 (an angiotensin receptor blocker), cilazaprilat (30 microg/kg) had no effect on diameter of superficial afferent arterioles (Aff), but it increased renal contents of bradykinin and nitrate plus nitrite, and it elicited dilation of juxtamedullary Aff (from 24.0+/-0.2 to 28.2+/-0.8 microm), juxtamedullary efferent arterioles (Eff) (from 24.2+/-0.2 to 28.0+/-0.8 microm), and superficial Eff (from 18.2+/-0.2 to 19.7+/-0.2 microm). These changes in diameters were prevented by N(alpha)-adamantaneacetyl-d-Arg-[Hyp(3),Thi(5,8),D-Phe(7)]bradykinin, a bradykinin receptor antagonist. The pretreatment with nitro-l-arginine methylester (l-NAME) plus E4177 eliminated the dilator response of juxtamedullary/superficial Eff and the increase in renal nitrate plus nitrite levels induced by cilazaprilat. In contrast, in the presence of E4177+l-NAME, cilazaprilat still caused 8%+/-3% dilation of juxtamedullary Aff, which was completely eliminated by proadifen, a cytochrome-P450 and K(Ca) channel blocker. Collectively, the ACE inhibitor exerts multiple vasodilator mechanisms, including the inhibition of angiotensin II formation; blockade of angiotensin II activity appears to be a dominant mechanism in superficial Aff, whereas the bradykinin-induced NO acts on superficial Eff and juxtamedullary Aff/Eff. Furthermore, a putative EDHF is an additional mechanism for the ACE inhibitor-induced vasodilation of juxtamedullary Aff in vivo. 相似文献
75.
Value of thyroid specific peroxidase and Ki‐67 stains in preoperative cytology for thyroid follicular tumors
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Diagnostic cytopathology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
76.
Aya Taniguchi Tetsuhiro Ishikawa Masayuki Miyagi Hiroto Kamoda Yoshihiro Sakuma Yasuhiro Oikawa Go Kubota Kazuhide Inage Takeshi Sainoh Junichi Nakamura Yasuchika Aoki Tomoaki Toyone Gen Inoue Miyako Suzuki Kazuyo Yamauchi Takane Suzuki Kazuhisa Takahashi Seiji Ohtori Sumihisa Orita 《International journal of clinical and experimental pathology》2015,8(10):12967-12971
Background: The detailed mechanisms of knee osteoarthritis (OA) pain have not been clarified, but involvement of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) has been suggested. The present study aimed to investigate the more detailed neurological involvement of TNF in joint pain using a TNF-knockout mouse OA model. Methods: The right knees of twelve-week-old C57BL/6J wild and TNF-deficient knockout (TNF-ko) mice (n=15, each group) were given a single intra-articular injection of 10 µg monoiodoacetate in 10 mL sterile saline. The left knees were only punctured as the control. Evaluations were performed immediately after the injection (baseline) and at 7, 14, and 28 days after the injection with a subsequent intra-articular injection of neurotracer into both knees. The animals were evaluated for immunofluorescence of the lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) innervating the knee joints. The injected knees were observed macroscopically and mouse pain-related behaviors were scored. Results: Macroscopic observation showed similar knee OA development in both wild and TNF-ko mice. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP, a neuropeptide identified as a inflammatory pain-related biomarker) was significantly increased in DRG neurons innervating OA-induced knee joints with significantly less CGRP expression in TNF-ko animals. Pain-related behavior scoring showed a significant increase in pain in OA-induced joints, but there was no significant difference in pain observed between the wild and TNF-ko mice. Conclusions: The result of the present study indicates the possible association of TNF-alpha in OA pain but not OA development. 相似文献
77.
Koichi Okamoto Itasu Ninomiya Shogo Maruzen Hiroto Saito Tomoya Tsukada Jun Kinoshita Isamu Makino Keishi Nakamura Katsunobu Oyama Tomoharu Miyashita Hidehiro Tajima Hiroyuki Takamura Hirohisa Kitagawa Sachio Fushida Takashi Fujimura Tetsuo Ohta 《Esophagus》2014,11(2):89-98
Background
Tachyarrhythmia after esophagectomy is a severe complication that should not be underestimated because of its negative impact. The aims of this study were to clarify the cause and impact of postoperative tachyarrhythmia after thoracoscopic esophagectomy. Additionally, we analyzed the usefulness of landiolol administration for postoperative tachyarrhythmia.Methods
We evaluated the predictive factors for tachyarrhythmia onset after surgery and its clinical impact in 127 patients who underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy with extended lymphadenectomy. Moreover, we analyzed the efficacy of landiolol for postoperative tachyarrhythmia.Results
Tachyarrhythmia developed in 38 of the 127 patients. Multivariate analysis showed that advanced age, heart disease, and hyperlipidemia were associated with postoperative tachyarrhythmia. Hyponatremia, hypoalbuminemia, and leukocytosis on postoperative day 3 were significantly associated with tachyarrhythmia onset. The incidence of all complications and respiratory complications, including pneumonia, was significantly higher in patients with than in those without tachyarrhythmia. The mortality rate in the tachyarrhythmia group tended to be higher than that in the nontachyarrhythmia group. Landiolol as a treatment for tachyarrhythmia immediately decreased heart rate and safely reduced subsequent respiratory complications.Conclusion
In elderly patients with cardiac disease or hyperlipidemia, surgeons should be alert for the occurrence of tachyarrhythmia after esophagectomy. Postoperative tachyarrhythmia is a marker of morbidities with particular emphasis on respiratory complications. However, it can be adequately managed by landiolol, resulting in fewer respiratory complications. Landiolol might be a safe and convenient agent for managing postoperative tachyarrhythmia after thoracoscopic esophagectomy, resulting in lower mortality and morbidity rates. 相似文献78.
Yuki Kai Momoko Motegi Yuta Suzuki Hiroto Takeuchi Yui Harada Fumiaki Sato Yoshihiko Chiba Junzo Kamei Hiroyasu Sakai 《Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology》2019,125(1):8-15
There has been considerable research on the involvement of RhoA/Rho kinase signalling in smooth muscle contractions. However, only a few reports have addressed the specific role of Rac1, which is a member of the Rho GTPase superfamily. Therefore, this study investigated the role of Rac1‐related pathways in bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) contractions. Bronchial rings isolated from mice were suspended in an organ bath, and the isometric contractions of circular smooth muscles were monitored. The phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLCs) was analysed by immunoblotting. The Rac1 inhibitor EHT1864 inhibited carbachol (CCh)‐induced BSM contractions, although high K+ depolarization‐induced BSM contractions were not significantly attenuated by EHT1864. Moreover, high K+‐ and phorbol 12,13‐dibutyrate (PDBu; PKC activator)‐induced contractions were not attenuated by Rac1 inhibition, whereas sodium fluoride (NaF)‐induced force development was inhibited by EHT1864. The gene and protein expression of Rac1 was increased in the BSM of a murine model with antigen‐induced airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR). In addition, an increased force of the BSM contractions in AHR was suppressed by EHT1864 treatment, suggesting that the up‐regulation of Rac1 is involved in AHR. These findings suggest that an increase in Rac1‐mediated signalling is involved in the augmented contractions of BSMs in antigen‐induced AHR mice. 相似文献
79.
Yoshihiko Hangai Hiroto Kamada Takao Utsunomiya Soichiro Kitahara Osamu Kuwazuru Nobuhiro Yoshikawa 《Materials》2014,7(3):2382-2394
Al foam has been used in a wide range of applications owing to its light weight, high energy absorption and high sound insulation. One of the promising processes for fabricating Al foam involves the use of a foamable precursor. In this study, ADC12 Al foams with porosities of 67%–78% were fabricated from Al alloy die castings without using a blowing agent by the friction stir processing route. The pore structure and tensile properties of the ADC12 foams were investigated and compared with those of commercially available ALPORAS. From X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) observations of the pore structure of ADC12 foams, it was found that they have smaller pores with a narrower distribution than those in ALPORAS. Tensile tests on the ADC12 foams indicated that as their porosity increased, the tensile strength and tensile strain decreased, with strong relation between the porosity, tensile strength, and tensile strain. ADC12 foams exhibited brittle fracture, whereas ALPORAS exhibited ductile fracture, which is due to the nature of the Al alloy used as the base material of the foams. By image-based finite element (FE) analysis using X-ray CT images corresponding to the tensile tests on ADC12 foams, it was shown that the fracture path of ADC12 foams observed in tensile tests and the regions of high stress obtained from FE analysis correspond to each other. Therefore, it is considered that the fracture behavior of ADC12 foams in relation to their pore structure distribution can be investigated by image-based FE analysis. 相似文献