History of Articulators: Henry L. "Harry" Page and the Transograph

The intention of this article is to introduce the reader to the Transograph from a historical perspective. The technical data presented are intended to help the reader understand the design of this unique instrument and how it was programmed, but will not provide the reader a thorough understanding of this philosophy. The article seeks neither to defend nor criticize the principles of Transographics.     

Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA) is a technique in clinical evolution. Current clinical applications include assessment for coronary anomalies, aneurysms, bypass graft patency, and, in experienced centers, the exclusion of proximal and multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). As local expertise increases and more extensive multicenter data become available, additional applications will be established. CMRA promises to supplement and in some cases obviate the need for X-ray contrast angiography, and to expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of CAD. Zusammenfassung Die Magnetresonanzangiographie der Koronargefäße (CMRA) ist eine sich ständig weiterentwickelnde Technik. Etablierte Anwendungen sind zurzeit die Beurteilung von koronaren Anomalien, Aneurysmen und der Durchgängigkeit von Bypasses. Auch der Ausschluss proximaler Koronarstenosen und einer koronaren Mehrgefäßerkrankung ist in einigen spezialisierten Zentren möglich. Mit zunehmender Erfahrung der jeweiligen Anwender und der Verfügbarkeit von Ergebnissen großer multizentrischer Studien können zukünftig weitere klinische Anwendungen etabliert werden. In der Zukunft könnte die CMRA ergänzende Informationen zur Indikationsstellung einer konventionellen Röntgenangiographie bringen und in einigen Fällen diese Untersuchung sogar ersetzen. Die CMRA wird unseren Einblick in die Pathophysiologie der koronaren Herzerkrankung sicher erweitern.     

An update on the overnight dexamethasone suppression test for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: limitations in patients with mild and/or episodic hypercortisolism.

The overnight one-mg dexamethasone suppression test has been used for many years to screen for Cushing's syndrome. This test has usually been evaluated in controls versus patients with severe hypercortisolism. Under these conditions, the overnight dexamethasone suppression test has been reported to have high sensitivity and specificity. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity of the one mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test in patients with mild and/or periodic Cushing's syndrome. Therefore, an overnight dexamethasone suppression test was performed in 17 consecutive patients presenting to an endocrinology clinic with signs and symptoms of hypercortisolemia who were later proven to have Cushing's syndrome. The majority of patients were found to have both mild and periodic hypercortisolism. One mg of dexamethasone was given at midnight and a plasma cortisol was measured by radioimmunoassay at 08:00 the following morning. Using a cut-off for a morning cortisol following overnight dexamethasone of > 5 microg/dL, only three of 17 patients failed to suppress to a value less than this cut-off (sensitivity 18 %). A cut-off of > 2 microg/dL gave similar sensitivity. Even with a stringent cut-off point of > 1.8 microg/dL, only seven of 17 patients failed to suppress to a value less than this cut-off point (sensitivity of 41 %). These results demonstrate that the great majority of patients with mild and/or periodic Cushing's syndrome suppress to overnight dexamethasone. Since patients with mild and/or periodic Cushing's syndrome are the patients in whom the identification of hypercortisolism is difficult, our results from this relatively small study suggest that this test should no longer be used to exclude these patients from further workup for Cushing's syndrome.     

Role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha receptor p75 in cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation and emphysema.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by a local pulmonary inflammatory response to respiratory pollutants and by systemic inflammation. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has been implicated in systemic effects of COPD and operates by binding the p55 (R1) and p75 (R2) TNF-alpha receptors. To investigate the contribution of each TNF-alpha receptor in the pathogenesis of COPD, the present study examined the effects of chronic air or cigarette smoke (CS) exposure in TNF-alpha R1 knockout (KO) mice, TNF-alpha R2 KO mice and wild type (WT) mice. CS was found to significantly increase the protein levels of soluble TNF-alpha R1 (by four-fold) and TNF-alpha R2 (by 10-fold) in the bronchoalveolar lavage of WT mice. After 3 months, CS induced a prominent pulmonary inflammatory cell influx in WT and TNF-alpha R1 KO mice. In TNF-alpha R2 KO mice, CS-induced pulmonary inflammation was clearly attenuated. After 6 months, no emphysema was observed in CS-exposed TNF-alpha R2 KO mice in contrast to WT and TNF-alpha R1 KO mice. CS-exposed WT and TNF-alpha R1 KO mice failed to gain weight, whereas the body mass of TNF-alpha R2 KO mice was not affected. These current findings suggest that both tumour necrosis factor-alpha receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but tumour necrosis factor-alpha receptor-2 is the most active receptor in the development of inflammation, emphysema and systemic weight loss in this murine model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

颗粒松质骨压紧植骨全髋关节置换术治疗创伤性髋关节炎的疗效

目的探讨颗粒松质骨压紧植骨全髋关节置换术(THA)治疗髋臼骨折继发创伤性髋关节炎的疗效。方法1998年12月-2005年5月,对15例髋臼骨折继发创伤性髋关节炎患者行颗粒松质骨压紧植骨THA,所有患者髋臼假体均采用骨水泥固定,颗粒骨均取自体骨,术后24h后开始被动活动,3个月后开始全负重锻炼。临床随访采用Harris髋关节评分(HSS)系统评分,对任何原因引起髋臼假体翻修均视为临床失败。根据Conn等影像学评价法观察颗粒骨长人情况,根据DeLee的三区法测量臼杯、骨水泥与移植骨间的界面宽度,臼杯的移位程度则依据其相对于泪点间线的距离而定。结果14例患者获得平均4．3年(1．0-7．5年)随访,HHS评分由术前平均42分(10-62分)提高到随访结束时平均84分(58-98分)。1例髋部有轻度疼痛,无患者行翻修手术。大部分髋部恢复了其正常的旋转中心,仅有2例高出对侧0．8 mm。大多数患者影像学表现稳定,2例在Ⅰ区和Ⅲ区出现进行性增宽的透亮带,1例在Ⅲ区出现非进行性增宽的透亮带。1例臼杯假体在术后7年出现明显移位(6 mm),但并没有行翻修手术。结论颗粒骨压紧植骨技术作为一种生物学髋臼重建方法,其联合THA治疗髋臼骨折后继发创伤性关节炎伴髋臼缺损的疗效令人满意,能够恢复髋关节的正常解剖和功能活动。