Proceedings of the Symposium ‘Angiotensin AT1 Receptors: From Molecular Physiology to Therapeutics’: FUNCTIONS OF ANGIOTENSIN PEPTIDES IN THE ROSTRAL VENTROLATERAL MEDULLA

• 1 It was first shown several years ago that the rostral part of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) contains a high density of receptor binding sites for angiotensin II (AngII). In the present paper we briefly review recent studies aimed at determining the actions of both exogenous and endogenous angiotensin peptides in the rostral VLM, as well as their specific sites of action.
• 2 The results of these studies have shown that angiotensin peptides can excite pressor and sympathoexcitatory neurons in the rostral VLM, but do not appear to affect non-cardiovascular neurons in this region.
• 3 It is known that pressor neurons in the rostral VLM include both catecholamine and non-catecholamine neurons. There is evidence that, at least in conscious rabbits, both of these types of neurons are activated by AngII. The specific endogenous angiotensin peptide or peptides that affect pressor neurons in the rostral VLM have not yet been definitively identified.
• 4 It is also possible that different angiotensin peptides may have different effects on pressor neurons in the rostral VLM, mediated by different receptors. Further studies will be needed to define these different functions as well as the specific receptors and cellular mechanisms that subserve them.

     

New non-cocaine-containing topical anesthetics compared with tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine during repair of lacerations

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of three new topical anesthetics that do not contain cocaine (prilocaine-phenylephrine, tetracaine-phenylephrine [tetraphen], and tetracaine-lidocaine-phenylephrine) to that of tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine (TAC) during laceration repair in children. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. SETTING: The emergency department of an urban children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Children 1 year of age or older with a laceration /= 5 years of age using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Suture technicians, research assistants, and parents also scored pain using a seven-point Likert scale. In addition, suture technicians completed an anesthetic effectiveness scale. RESULTS: There was consistently no difference demonstrated between the effectiveness of tetraphen and that of TAC for each outcome measure of each observer group. A statistically significant difference was seen among anesthetics when comparing VAS and Likert scale scores of suture technicians and Likert scale scores of research assistants. Based on post hoc analyses, these statistically significant differences were between TAC and prilocaine-phenylephrine (suture technician VAS and Likert scale) and between TAC and tetracaine-lidocaine-phenyl-ephrine (suture technician Likert scale), but not between TAC and tetraphen. When power analyses were performed using alpha = 0.05 and beta = 0.20, it was possible to detect a difference of 1.2 VAS units for each of the observer groups. Based on anesthetic effectiveness scale scores, the three new topical preparations collectively performed significantly better on the face and scalp than on the extremities (relative risk = 1.83; 95% confidence interval 1.20 < relative risk < 2.79). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of three new non-cocaine-containing topical anesthetics. Consistently, there was no statistical difference demonstrated between the effectiveness of tetraphen and that of TAC for each outcome measure of each observer group. Tetraphen offers an effective alternative to TAC during laceration repair in children.     

再发性低血糖对幼鼠脑内GLUT1及GLUT3表达的影响

目的观察再发性低血糖后脑内葡萄糖转运蛋白1(glucose transporter 1,GLUT1)及葡萄糖转运蛋白3(GLUT3)表达的变化,从而探讨无症状低血糖的发生机制。方法将80只15日龄野生型小鼠随机分为正常对照组及低血糖组,每组40只。低血糖组给予正规胰岛素腹腔注射3次,每次剂量为5U/kg,对照组注射等体积生理盐水。两组分别在最后1次注射后12、24、48及72 h处死小鼠取脑组织(每组每时间点10只),应用免疫组化方法观察小鼠脑内GLUT1及GLUT3表达的变化。结果低血糖后脑内微血管上GLUT1表达有增加趋势,皮质增加高于海马,72 h皮质GLUT1表达显著高于对照组;低血糖后48、72 h皮质及海马GLUT3表达均显著高于相应对照组。结论再发性低血糖后脑内GLUT1及GLUT3适应性增高,这种适应既能节省神经元的能量代谢,但也能削减神经元对低血糖的反应。     

Insights in Public Health: Developing the Ho‘ouna Pono Substance Use Prevention Curriculum: Collaborating with Hawaiian Youth and Communities

This article briefly outlines a collaboration among communities on Hawai‘i Island and a university-based research team to develop, implement, and evaluate a school-based substance use prevention curriculum called Ho‘ouna Pono. In addition to providing a rationale for the project, the goal of this paper is fourfold. First, an overview of the Ho‘ouna Pono research results to date (2007–2013) is provided. Second, within this overview, the ways in which selected results informed program development are highlighted. Third, the curriculum is briefly described, and finally, the role of the students and community in the video production is described.     

急性有机磷杀虫药中毒中间综合征的临床分析

目的探讨急性有机磷杀虫药中毒中间综合征（intermediate syndrome,IMS）的诊断治疗。方法回顾性分析10例IMS患者临床表现和治疗方法。结果有机磷中毒中间综合征的10例患者均出现不同程度呼吸肌麻痹症,及时建立人工气道及机械通气和乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）复能剂应用,治愈8例,死亡2例。结论 IMS应早期识别,建立人工气道与机械通气是抢救成功的重要方法。