Facility-based active management of the third stage of labour: assessment of quality in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa

Objective

To assess the quality of facility-based active management of the third stage of labour in Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Rwanda and the United Republic of Tanzania.

Methods

Between 2009 and 2012, using a cross-sectional design, 2317 women in 390 health facilities were directly observed during the third stage of labour. Observers recorded the use of uterotonic medicines, controlled cord traction and uterine massage. Facility infrastructure and supplies needed for active management were audited and relevant guidelines reviewed.

Findings

Most (94%; 2173) of the women observed were given oxytocin (2043) or another uterotonic (130). The frequencies of controlled cord traction and uterine massage and the timing of uterotonic administration showed considerable between-country variation. Of the women given a uterotonic, 1640 (76%) received it within three minutes of the birth. Uterotonics and related supplies were generally available onsite. Although all of the study countries had national policies and/or guidelines that supported the active management of the third stage of labour, the presence of guidelines in facilities varied across countries and only 377 (36%) of 1037 investigated providers had received relevant training in the previous three years.

Conclusion

In the study countries, quality and coverage of the active management of the third stage of labour were high. However, to improve active management, there needs to be more research on optimizing the timing of uterotonic administration. Training on the use of new clinical guidelines and implementation research on the best methods to update such training are also needed.     

Immunolocalization of Musashi1 and Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 3B in Water Buffalo Mammary Glands

Water buffaloes are the principle source of milk in south Asia and Africa. Mammary gland repeatedly undergoes the cycles of growth and regeneration during pregnancy, lactation and involution. It is assumed that buffalo mammary gland has mammary stem and progenitor cells that regulate gland growth and regeneration. In the present study the authors analyzed percentage of cellular composition, proliferation status and putative mammary stem/progenitor cell population. Identification of putative buffalo mammary stem/progenitor cells was attempted using immunohistochemical staining with Musashi1 (MSI1), an adult stem cell marker and fibronectin type III domain containing 3B (FNDC3B), a mammary stem and cancer cell marker. Immunolocalization of MSI1 and FNDC3B showed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of alveolar and ductal mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and a few stromal cells. The percentage of MSI1-positive MEC in non-lactating (3.31 ± 1.11 %), lactating (2.73 ± 0.78 %) and mastitic glands (3.30 ± 0.97 %) were equivalent, indicating that the proportion of putative stem/progenitor cell population did not differ during various physiological stages. Likewise, the percentage of FNDC3B-positive MEC in non-lactating (12.40 ± 3.22 %) tended to be higher than lactating (8.19 ± 2.71 %) and mastitic glands (4.88 ± 2.37 %). In some cases, expression of MSI1 and FNDC3B was exceptionally high with high proliferative indices (37.6 ± 2.4 %)-an indication of tumor cells. This is the first report on expression of MSI1 and FNDC3B in buffalo mammary gland. Identification of buffalo mammary stem cells using MSI1 and FNDC3B requires further studies and functional validation.     

Emerging role of non‐coding RNA in health and disease

Metabolic Brain Disease - Human diseases have always been a significant turf of concern since the origin of mankind. It is cardinal to know the cause, treatment, and cure for every disease...     

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and its Non-Smoking Risk Factors in India

The rising prevalence of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is generally attributed to smoking, since the role of other risk factors among non-smokers are not well established especially in low and middle income countries like India. This is also reflected by the limited literature available on non-smoking related COPD risk factors like indoor and outdoor air pollution. The present review is an attempt to assess the influence of non-smoking risk factors on COPD and its measures in Indian subcontinent. The most noteworthy factors among non-smokers appear to be the use of biomass fuel for cooking and heating purposes. We observed that the studies undertaken to evaluate the role of such risk factors are inconclusive due to weak methodologies and small sample sizes, may be due to limited financial resources. The present review suggests the need of a nationally representative study to estimate the effect of each of the potential modifiable risk factor (other than smoking) for framing impactful public health policies to prevent and manage COPD at community and population level in India.     

Enrichment for murine keratinocyte stem cells based on cell surface phenotype

The identification and physical isolation of epithelial stem cells is critical to our understanding of their growth regulation during homeostasis, wound healing, and carcinogenesis. These stem cells remain poorly characterized because of the absence of specific molecular markers that permit us to distinguish them from their progeny, the transit amplifying (TA) cells, which have a more restricted proliferative potential. Cell kinetic analyses have permitted the identification of murine keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) as slowly cycling cells that retain [(3)H]thymidine ([(3)H]Tdr) label, termed label-retaining cells (LRCs), whereas TA cells are visualized as rapidly cycling cells after a single pulse of [(3)H]Tdr, termed pulse-labeled cells (PLCs). Here, we report on the successful separation of KSCs from TA cells through the combined use of in vivo cell kinetic analysis and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Specifically, we demonstrate that murine dorsal keratinocytes characterized by their high levels of alpha(6) integrin and low to undetectable expression of the transferrin receptor (CD71) termed alpha(6)(bri)CD71(dim) cells, are enriched for epithelial stem cells because they represent a minor ( approximately 8%) and quiescent subpopulation of small blast-like cells, with a high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, containing approximately 70% of label-retaining cells, the latter being a well documented characteristic of stem cells. Conversely, TA cells could be enriched in a phenotypically distinct subpopulation termed alpha(6)(bri)CD71(bri), representing the majority ( approximately 60%) of basal keratinocytes that are actively cycling, and importantly contain approximately 70% of [(3)H]Tdr pulse-labeled cells. Importantly, immunostaining of dorsal skin revealed the presence of CD71(dim) cells in the hair follicle bulge region, a well documented location for KSCs.     

Splenectomy in a case of splenic vein thrombosis unmasks essential thrombocythemia

We report a patient with splenic vein thrombosis (SVT) in whom splenectomy resulted in the unmasking of essential thrombocythemia (ET). He had portal hypertension with haematemesis, resulting in anaemia requiring repeated blood transfusions. Investigations revealed SVT. Following splenectomy, he suffered a transient ischaemic attack episode, associated with persistent thrombocytosis (> 2000 x 10(9)/l). Other myeloproliferative disorders were excluded and a diagnosis of ET was established. He responded to hydroxyurea but, due to financial constraints, he discontinued treatment and subsequently relapsed. The association of ET with SVT is rare and the diagnosis of ET was missed initially as the platelet count was normal prior to splenectomy.     

Endothelin as a therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease

Endothelins, a family of peptides derived from the vascular endothelium and smooth muscle cells possess vasoconstrictor and mitogenic properties. By acting predominantly in a paracrine fashion, these peptides activate specific receptors and have protean effects in normal and diseased organ systems. The wide distribution of these receptors in various tissues mediate the multiplicity of physiologic actions attributed to endothelins. Much of our understanding about endothelins has come from the development of an array of receptor-specific and mixed receptor antagonists. Based on the promising results from animal studies, active research and drug development programs are under way to investigate the clinical potential of endothelin antagonism for treatment of cardiovascular disease.     

GC-FID,Antioxidants Analysis and Antimicrobial,Anti-Inflammatory,Anti-Diabetic Activities of Tisanes Derived from Underutilized Lemon Grass Cymbopogon khasianus (Hack.)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences - Cymbopogon khasianus (Hack.) is widely distributed and an underutilized plants in tropical and subtropical...     

Antineoplastic drug, carboplatin, protects mice against visceral leishmaniasis

In the present study, the leishmanicidal effect of two doses (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) of the carboplatin was studied in Leishmania donovani-infected BALB/c mice. Mice were infected intracardially with promastigotes of L. donovani, and a month after infection, they were treated intraperitoneally with the two doses of the drug (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) for five continuous days. Animals were sacrificed on 1 and 15 posttreatment days. Hepatic parasite load was assessed on Geimsa-stained imprints. Immune responses were studied by measuring delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, serum IgG isotype levels (IgG1 and IgG2a) and cytokine levels [γ-interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-2] in spleen cell cultures by ELISA. To study the drug-induced side effects, various haematological (haemoglobin and total leukocyte count), biochemical (liver and kidney function tests) and histological investigations (kidney, liver and spleen) were carried out. The antileishmanial potential of the drug was revealed by significant reduction in the parasite burden. The infected and treated animals were also found to exhibit increased DTH responses, higher IgG2a levels, lower IgG1 levels and greater cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-2) concentrations pointing towards the generation of mixed Th1/Th2 response. Liver and kidney function tests and histological studies of kidney, liver and spleen of treated mice revealed no side effects. Carboplatin cures mice of visceral leishmaniasis without causing any serious side effects, and the drug was found be more effective at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight as compared to 5 mg/kg body weight.