Effects of Communities That Care on the Adoption and Implementation Fidelity of Evidence-Based Prevention Programs in Communities: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial

This paper describes findings from the Community Youth Development Study (CYDS), a randomized controlled trial of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system, on the adoption and implementation fidelity of science-based prevention programming in 24 communities. Data were collected using the Community Resource Documentation (CRD), which entailed a multi-tiered sampling process and phone and web-based surveys with directors of community-based agencies and coalitions, school principals, service providers, and teachers. Four years after the initiation of the CTC prevention system, the results indicated increased use of tested, effective prevention programs in the 12 CTC intervention communities compared to the 12 control communities, and significant differences favoring the intervention communities in the numbers of children and families participating in these programs. Few significant differences were found regarding implementation quality; respondents from both intervention and control communities reported high rates of implementation fidelity across the services provided.     

Genetic variation in UCP2 (uncoupling protein-2) is associated with energy metabolism in Pima Indians

Aims/hypothesis Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) is thought to play a role in insulin secretion and the development of obesity. In this study, we investigated the effects of genetic variation in UCP2 on type 2 diabetes and obesity, as well as on metabolic phenotypes related to these diseases, in Pima Indians.Methods The coding and untranslated regions of UCP2, and approximately 1 kb of the 5 upstream region, were sequenced in DNA samples taken from 83 extremely obese Pima Indians who were not first-degree relatives.Results Five variants were identified: (1) a –866G/A in the 5 upstream region; (2) a G/A in exon 2; (3) a C/T resulting in an Ala55Val substitution in exon 4; and (4, 5) two insertion/deletions (ins/del; 45-bp and 3-bp) in the 3 untranslated region. Among the 83 subjects whose DNA was sequenced, the –866G/A was in complete genotypic concordance with the Ala55Val and the 3-bp ins/del polymorphism. The G/A polymorphism in exon 2 was extremely rare. To capture the common variation in this gene for association analyses, the –866G/A variant (as a representative of Ala55Val and the 3-bp ins/del polymorphism) and the 45-bp ins/del were also genotyped for 864 full-blooded Pima Indians. Neither of these variants was associated with type 2 diabetes or body mass index. However, in a subgroup of 185 subjects who had undergone detailed metabolic measurements, these variants were associated with 24-h energy expenditure as measured in a human metabolic chamber (p=0.007 for the 45-bp ins/del and p=0.03 for the –866G/A after adjusting for age, sex, family membership, fat-free mass and fat mass).Conclusions/interpretation Our data indicate that variation in UCP2 may play a role in energy metabolism, but this gene does not contribute significantly to the aetiology of type 2 diabetes and/or obesity in Pima Indians.     

Fisetin for COVID-19 in skilled nursing facilities: Senolytic trials in the COVID era

The burden of senescent cells (SnCs), which do not divide but are metabolically active and resistant to death by apoptosis, is increased in older adults and those with chronic diseases. These individuals are also at the greatest risk for morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 complications include cytokine storm and multiorgan failure mediated by the same factors as often produced by SnCs through their senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP can be amplified by infection-related pathogen-associated molecular profile factors. Senolytic agents, such as Fisetin, selectively eliminate SnCs and delay, prevent, or alleviate multiple disorders in aged experimental animals and animal models of human chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and respiratory diseases. Senolytics are now in clinical trials for multiple conditions linked to SnCs, including frailty; obesity/diabetes; osteoporosis; and cardiovascular, kidney, and lung diseases, which are also risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 morbidity and mortality. A clinical trial is underway to test if senolytics decrease SARS-CoV-2 progression and morbidity in hospitalized older adults. We describe here a National Institutes of Health-funded, multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical trial of Fisetin for older adult skilled nursing facility (SNF) residents who have been, or become, SARS-CoV-2 rtPCR-positive, including the rationale for targeting fundamental aging mechanisms in such patients. We consider logistic challenges of conducting trials in long-term care settings in the SARS-CoV-2 era, including restricted access, consent procedures, methods for obtaining biospecimens and clinical data, staffing, investigational product administration issues, and potential solutions for these challenges. We propose developing a national network of SNFs engaged in interventional clinical trials.     

Identification of an activated c-Ki-ras oncogene in rat liver tumors induced by aflatoxin B1.

Weanling male Fischer rats were administered 40 intraperitoneal injections of aflatoxin B1 (25 micrograms per animal per day) over a 2-month period. This chronic dosing regimen resulted in the sequential formation of hyperplastic foci, preneoplastic nodules, and hepatocellular carcinomas in all of the animals treated. The presence of transforming DNA sequences was detected by formation of anchorage-independent foci after transfection of tumor-derived DNA in NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Transfection of genomic DNA isolated from individual tumors from eight animals resulted in specific transforming activities ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 foci per micrograms of DNA. Primary transfectant DNAs were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization with DNA probes homologous to c-Ha-ras, c-Ki-ras, and N-ras oncogenes. A highly amplified c-Ki-ras oncogene of rat origin was detected in transformants derived from tumors in two of the eight animals tested. There was no evidence to suggest the presence of c-Ha-ras or N-ras sequences in any of the transformants. Analysis of primary liver tumor DNA showed no Ki-ras DNA amplification when compared to control liver DNA samples. Increased levels of c-Ki-ras p21 proteins were detected in 3T3 transformants containing activated rat c-Ki-ras genes. The presence of c-Ki-ras sequences of rat origin capable of inducing transformed foci can be taken as evidence that the c-Ki-ras gene has been activated in the primary liver tumors.     

In vivo response of Plasmodium falciparum to different doses of chloroquine in semi-immune children in Liberia, West Africa

The efficacy of different doses of chloroquine in suppressing patent parasitaemia was investigated in 326 children two to 12 years old, living in six villages with holoendemic malaria. The children were given single doses (2, 3, 5-7 or 9-12 mg base kg-1) or a standard treatment over three days (25 mg base kg-1). Parasite prevalences were recorded after one, two, three, four, six and eight weeks. Complete clearance of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites (TC) by day 7 was achieved by a dosage of 9-12 mg kg-1. By probit analysis of log dose response, 50% clearance (TC50) was established at about 1.5 mg kg-1, whereas a TC95 required 5.5 mg kg-1. The reappearance of patent parasitaemia was dependent on the dose of chloroquine given and on malaria transmission. After the standard dose treatment, only one re-infection in 56 children appeared within 21 days despite high sporozoite inoculation rates in the area. The dosage of 9-12 mg kg-1 yielded a hundredfold reduction of mean parasite density in the children if calculated over a four-week period. It may represent a suitable monthly regimen in a malaria control scheme in a holoendemic area with high P. falciparum sensitivity to chloroquine.     

Nursing home staff perspectives on adoption of an innovation in goals of care communication

Nursing homes (NH) are important settings for end-of-life care, but limited implementation may impede goals of care discussions. The purpose of this study was to understand NH staff perceptions of adoption and sustainability of the Goals of Care video decision aid for families of residents with advanced dementia. Study design was a cross-sectional survey of staff at 11 NHs in North Carolina who participated in the Goals of Care (GOC) cluster randomized clinical trial. Staff perceived the GOC decision aid intervention as a positive innovation; it was perceived as more compatible with current practices by male staff, nurses, and more experienced NH staff. Perceptions were correlated with experience, implying that experience with an innovative approach may help to promote improved GOC communication in nursing homes. Nurses and social work staff could be effective champions for implementing a communication technique, like the GOC intervention.