In vivo response of Plasmodium falciparum to different doses of chloroquine in semi-immune children in Liberia, West Africa

The efficacy of different doses of chloroquine in suppressing patent parasitaemia was investigated in 326 children two to 12 years old, living in six villages with holoendemic malaria. The children were given single doses (2, 3, 5-7 or 9-12 mg base kg-1) or a standard treatment over three days (25 mg base kg-1). Parasite prevalences were recorded after one, two, three, four, six and eight weeks. Complete clearance of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites (TC) by day 7 was achieved by a dosage of 9-12 mg kg-1. By probit analysis of log dose response, 50% clearance (TC50) was established at about 1.5 mg kg-1, whereas a TC95 required 5.5 mg kg-1. The reappearance of patent parasitaemia was dependent on the dose of chloroquine given and on malaria transmission. After the standard dose treatment, only one re-infection in 56 children appeared within 21 days despite high sporozoite inoculation rates in the area. The dosage of 9-12 mg kg-1 yielded a hundredfold reduction of mean parasite density in the children if calculated over a four-week period. It may represent a suitable monthly regimen in a malaria control scheme in a holoendemic area with high P. falciparum sensitivity to chloroquine.     

Nursing home staff perspectives on adoption of an innovation in goals of care communication

Nursing homes (NH) are important settings for end-of-life care, but limited implementation may impede goals of care discussions. The purpose of this study was to understand NH staff perceptions of adoption and sustainability of the Goals of Care video decision aid for families of residents with advanced dementia. Study design was a cross-sectional survey of staff at 11 NHs in North Carolina who participated in the Goals of Care (GOC) cluster randomized clinical trial. Staff perceived the GOC decision aid intervention as a positive innovation; it was perceived as more compatible with current practices by male staff, nurses, and more experienced NH staff. Perceptions were correlated with experience, implying that experience with an innovative approach may help to promote improved GOC communication in nursing homes. Nurses and social work staff could be effective champions for implementing a communication technique, like the GOC intervention.     

Rapid Response Events in Hospitalized Patients: Patient Symptoms and Clinician Communication

Context

Patients triggering rapid response team (RRT) intervention are at high risk for adverse outcomes. Data on symptom burden of these patients do not currently exist, and current symptom management and communication practices of RRT clinicians are unknown.

Do Live Discharge Rates Increase as Hospices Approach Their Medicare Aggregate Payment Caps?

Context

The rate of live discharge from hospice and the proportion of hospices exceeding their aggregate caps have both increased for the last 15 years, becoming a source of federal scrutiny. The cap restricts aggregate payments hospices receive from Medicare during a 12-month period. The risk of repayment and the manner in which the cap is calculated may incentivize hospices coming close to their cap ceilings to discharge existing patients before the end of the cap year.

A study of classification criteria for a diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Criteria for the classification of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were analyzed in a detailed database of 250 children in order to assess the accuracy of diagnosis and validity of onset types and course subtypes. A number of conclusions have been derived from this study: All definitions of the 1973 criteria for classification of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis should be retained. The addition of onset types to the 1976 revision of the criteria has been validated. The course of the disease after the onset period of 6 months is as important to the outcome of a group of children as is the onset type. The current classification should be broadened to include the course subtypes.     

Comparison of Escherichia coli from bacteriuric patients with those from feces of healthy schoolchildren.

The properties of 709 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from feces of healthy schoolchildren were compared with those of 115 strains from the urine of girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) detected in a screening program. These fecal strains were also compared with 45 strains that caused asymptomatic reinfections and 10 that caused symptomatic reinfections in the same group of girls. Typing of O antigen was done by direct bacterial agglutination, and K typing was done with a serum agar technique. Hemolytic capacity was assessed in solid medium. Sensitivity to the bactericidal effect of normal serum and minimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin were also determined. The strains isolated from girls who had reinfections of ABU were found to be a random sample of the fecal flora, but the strains from children with symptomatic reinfection were not. Strains from index patients with ABU differed from the other groups in a way that was indicative of adaptive changes in the structure of cell envelopes.