Intraocular lens removal during penetrating keratoplasty for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy

Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy is now the most common reason for penetrating keratoplasty. In previous reports, the type of intraocular lens (IOL) most frequently encountered in these eyes was the iris plane IOL. The authors reviewed 27 cases of IOL removal during penetrating keratoplasty. Lenses were removed if they were dislocated or associated with iritis, recurrent hyphema, glaucoma, or persistent cystoid macular edema. The IOL encountered most often was the anterior chamber lens (in 22 eyes); closed thin loop, semiflexible or flexible anterior chamber lenses accounted for 19 of these. Iris plane lenses were removed from five eyes. No posterior chamber lenses were removed. Clear grafts were obtained in 24 of 27 cases (89%); visual acuity improved or remained the same in 24 cases, to 20/60 in 11 cases. The most common causes of poor postoperative vision were retinal disease (6/27 cases) and glaucoma (6/27 cases). The association between anterior chamber lenses and pseudophakic bullous keratopathy is probably the result of both the increase in use of these lenses and the documented propensity of the closed loop semiflexible anterior chamber lenses to cause complications.     

Characteristics and motives of women choosing elective induction of labour

Personal characteristics of healthy term pregnant women who chose elective induction or spontaneous onset of labour and the motives for their choice were assessed. Almost 50% of 237 women with uncomplicated pregnancies opted for elective induction when offered the opportunity. These women appeared to have had more complaints during their pregnancy and menstrual periods, more complications in their obstetrical history and to be more anxious about their labour than women who chose a spontaneous onset of labour. Predominant motives were a feeling of safety and the desire to shorten the duration of pregnancy. These characteristics and motives seem to reflect a lack of trust in physical reproductive functions. It is concluded that in evaluating effects of elective induction of labour, pre-existing differences between women who choose elective induction and women who opt for a spontaneous onset must be taken into account.     

Utility of operative ultrasound in the surgical management of liver tumors.

In this study the utility of operative ultrasound in the surgical management of 98 consecutive patients with liver and gastrointestinal tumors was assessed. All patients had preoperative work-up including ultrasound study of the liver as well as selective hepatic arteriography (50 patients) and computerized tomography of the liver (45 patients). At surgery, inspection and palpation of the liver as well as operative ultrasound examination were performed in all cases. Fifty-six patients were known to have liver tumors before operation, while 42 patients had their liver examined as part of the treatment of a primary gastrointestinal malignancy. A total of 126 liver tumors were found in 58 patients, all of whom were confirmed histologically. Eighteen nodules unsuspected before operation were found at surgery--nine by inspection and palpation of the liver, and nine others that were nonpalpable were found by operative ultrasound only. Eighteen lesions that were missed by all diagnostic modalities were found as secondary lesions on pathologic examination of the resected specimens. In addition to diagnostic applications, operative ultrasound was useful in localizing nodules and permitting guided biopsies deep in the hepatic parenchyma. In eight cases, segmental resections were performed with operative ultrasound to localize the plane of section and to catheterize the intrahepatic portal vein branch afferent to the tumor in order to perform balloon catheter occlusion of the vessel for control of bleeding. Operative ultrasound was found to be important in the surgical management of 19 of 98 patients (19%).     

Smoking behavior among participants in the nurses' health study.

We analyzed smoking behavior of 91,651 married female nurses, aged 30-55 years in 1976. The prevalence of smoking was similar among all birth cohorts. The largest percentage increase in starting to smoke occurred between ages 15 and 25 years; by age 25, 50 per cent had started smoking. The cessation rate was lowest in earlier birth cohorts and among nurses starting to smoke at earlier ages. The cessation rate increased substantially between 1963-73 compared with the period 1948-58.     

Lumbar disc syndrome in Finland.

The prevalence of lumbar disc syndrome (herniated disc or typical sciatica) and its consequences in terms of disability, handicap, and need for medical care were studied as part of the Mini-Finland Health Survey. A sample of 8000 persons representative of the Finnish population aged 30 or over was asked to come for examination, and 7217 (90%) participated. A diagnosis of lumbar disc syndrome based on medical history, symptoms, and standardised physical examination was made for 5.1% of the men and for 3.7% of the women. Half of these patients were assessed to be in need of medical care, over 80% of which was considered to be adequately met. One third of all patients with lumbar disc syndrome had been previously hospitalised for that syndrome, and one fifth of the patients had undergone lumbar surgery. At least slight disability was found in almost 60% of the patients, though severe functional limitations were rare. About 6% of the population's work disability was estimated to be attributable to lumbar disc syndrome.     

Familial long thoracic nerve palsy: a manifestation of brachial plexus neuropathy

Long thoracic nerve palsy causes weakness of the serratus anterior muscle and winging of the scapula. It is usually traumatic in origin. Isolated long thoracic nerve palsy has not been recognized as the major manifestation of familial brachial plexus neuropathy, but I have studied the syndrome in four members of three generations of one family. One individual suffered an episode of facial paresis. The inheritance pattern was autosomal dominant.     

Hemodynamic responses to alfentanil in halothane-anesthetized dogs

Alfentanil is an opioid that has been used both as a sole anesthetic and in conjunction with other inhalation anesthetics. However, its effects on myocardial performance and regional blood flow are not clearly known. Using sonomicrometry and radioactive microsphere techniques, we examined the hemodynamic responses to alfentanil when given as a loading dose (45 micrograms/kg) followed by continuous infusion (3 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) in dogs anesthetized with halothane. Similar plasma levels of alfentanil were observed after the loading and infusion doses, and both techniques of administration produced a significant reduction in arterial pressure without change in global or regional function of the left ventricle. Although cardiac output and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure remained unchanged, heart rate and systemic vascular resistance decreased significantly after the loading dose and recovered slightly when alfentanil was infused continuously. Despite the systemic hypotension, alfentanil did not alter perfusion to the heart, brain, muscle, and skin; however, blood flow to the renal cortex and the arterial supply to the liver decreased by 25 and 60%, respectively. Reduction in blood flow to the kidneys and the liver suggests that alfentanil should be used with caution when normal function of these organs is in question.