An accidental gallbladder schwannoma misdiagnosis as malignant cancer

<正>To the Editor: Schwannomas are mainly benign neurogenic tumors originating from the Schwann cells in peripheral nerves sheaths and occur in patients at any age and in every location [ 1, 2 ]. The most common occurring sites of schwannomas are the head, neck and extremities [3]. In the abdominal cavity, the most frequently involved sites are the retroperitoneum and stomach [4].     

Functional characterization of a recombinant adeno-associated virus 5-pseudotyped cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator vector

Despite extensive experience with recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) 2 vectors in the lung, gene expression has been low in the context of cystic fibrosis (CF) gene therapy, where the large size of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) coding sequence has prompted the use of compact endogenous promoter elements. We evaluated the possibility that gene expression from recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) could be improved by using alternate AAV capsid serotypes that target different cell-surface receptors (i.e., rAAV5) and/or using stronger promoters. The relative activities of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter, the CMV enhancer/beta-actin (CB) promoter combination, and the CMV enhancer/RSV promoter hybrid were assessed in vitro in a CF bronchial cell line. The CB promoter was the most efficient. AAV capsid serotypes, rAAV2 and rAAV5, were also compared, and rAAV5 was found to be significantly more efficient. Based on these studies a rAAV5-CB-promoter-driven CFTR minigene vector was then used to correct the CF chloride transport defect in vitro, as well as the hyperinflammatory lung phenotype in Pseudomonas-agarose bead challenged CF mouse lungs in vivo. These studies provide functional characterization of a new version of rAAV-CFTR vectors.     

4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚诱导K562细胞凋亡

目的:鬼臼毒素具有抗炎作用,为限制其对机体产生不良反应,探讨经过结构改造的4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚对K562细胞生长抑制及诱导凋亡情况。方法:实验于2004-03/2005-01在兰州医学院完成。①实验材料:4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼酯由兰州大学应用有机化学国家重点实验室田暄教授惠赠,纯度98%。依托铂甙(连云港恒瑞药业产品,批号04060121,20g/L)临用前以5%二甲亚砜稀释至5g/L。K562细胞由兰州大学中药新药临窗前研究重点实验室传代保种。②细胞生长抑制率检测:取K562细胞,离心后调整浓度为1×108L-1,以100μL等量接种于96孔培养板。4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚组分别加入0.313,0.625,1.25,2.5,5,10,20,40mg/L的4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚药液10μL;依托铂甙组分别加入以上8种终浓度的依托铂甙药液10μL;正常对照组加入等量的溶媒;空白对照组不加细胞和任何药物,只加入等量的完全培养液。采用噻唑蓝法检测药物与细胞作用24,48,72h时K562细胞的生长抑制率。③细胞超微结构观察:取K562细胞,离心后调整浓度为1×109L-1,以2mL等量接种于24孔培养板。4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚组加入2.5mg/L的4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚药液200μL,正常对照组加入等量的溶媒。制作超薄切片,用醋酸双氧铀、柠檬酸铅染色,透射电镜观察细胞形态及细胞质、细胞核的变化。④细胞周期及凋亡检测:取K562细胞,离心后调整浓度为1×108L-1,以2mL等量接种于24孔培养板。4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚组分别加入1.25,2.5,5,10,20mg/L的4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚药液200μL,正常对照组加入等量的溶媒。在流式细胞仪上检测细胞周期,用Multicycle软件计算凋亡细胞百分率。结果:①4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚抑制K562细胞生长情况:在0.313～20mg/L范围内,其对K562细胞的抑制作用随浓度升高而增强,具有量效关系,同时抑制率随着作用时间的延长而升高,具有时效关系;超过20mg/L时抑制作用逐渐下降。依托铂甙对K562细胞的抑制情况与4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚类似。②细胞超微结构:正常对照组K562细胞核形状规则,核膜清晰可见,内质网丰富,内含大量线粒体,细胞表面微绒毛多,染色体分布于核中央。4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚组K562细胞出现明显的凋亡特征,微绒毛消失,细胞浆固缩,染色体凝集为团块状分布于核膜边缘,细胞内出现大量空泡,线粒体和内质网减少,细胞周围出现凋亡小体。③细胞周期及凋亡情况:1.25,2.5,5,10,20mg/L4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚作用24h,分别有19.4%,34.8%,34.0%,6.9%,4.5%的K562细胞发生凋亡,G0/G1期和S期K562细胞减少,于G2/M期明显增多。正常对照组凋亡率仅为0.3%。结论:①4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚能够抑制K562细胞的生长,呈时效、量效关系。②4-间氨基酚-4去甲表鬼臼醚可诱导K562细胞凋亡。     

针刺疗法治疗功能性肠疾病的研究进展

针灸在中国已经经验性的应用了数千年,而且在全世界范围越来越广泛的被医生和患者所接受．功能性胃肠疾病是临床上常见疾病．依据罗马标准,普通人群中一种以上功能性胃肠病的患病率高达70％以上．由于其病因与发病机制仍不明确,所以治疗效果尚不能令人满意．在过去的几十年里,对于针灸对于功能性胃肠疾病的治疗及可能机制做了一些研究．对探求针刺疗法对功能性胃肠疾病的潜在治疗作用有着重要的临床意义．我们对已有的关于针刺疗法对于不同功能性肠疾病的治疗效果和机制研究作一综述．     

The loss of the chloride channel, ClC-5, delays apical iodide efflux and induces a euthyroid goiter in the mouse thyroid gland

Genetic inactivation of ClC-5, a voltage-gated chloride channel prominently expressed in the kidney, leads to proteinuria because of defective apical endocytosis in proximal tubular cells. Because thyroid hormone secretion depends on apical endocytosis of thyroglobulin (Tg), we investigated whether ClC-5 is expressed in the thyroid and affects its function, using Clcn5-deficient knockout (KO) mice. We found that ClC-5 is highly expressed in wild-type mouse thyroid ( approximately 40% of mRNA kidney level). The protein was immunolocalized at the apical pole of thyrocytes. In Percoll gradients, ClC-5 overlapped with plasma membrane and early endosome markers, but best codistributed with the late endosomal marker, Rab7. ClC-5 KO mice were euthyroid (normal T4 and TSH serum levels) but developed a goiter with parallel iodine and Tg accumulation (i.e. normal Tg iodination level). When comparing ClC-5 KO with wild-type mice, thyroid 125I uptake after 1 h was doubled, incorporation into Tg was decreased by approximately 2-fold, so that trichloroacetic acid-soluble 125I increased approximately 4-fold. Enhanced 125I- efflux upon perchlorate and presence of 125I-Tg as autoradiographic rings at follicle periphery demonstrated delayed iodide organification. Endocytic trafficking of 125I-Tg toward lysosomes was not inhibited. Expression of pendrin, an I-/Cl- exchanger involved in apical iodide efflux, was selectively decreased by 60% in KO mice at mRNA and protein levels. Thus, ClC-5 is well expressed in the thyroid but is not critical for apical endocytosis, contrary to the kidney. Instead, the goiter associated with ClC-5 KO results from impaired rate of apical iodide efflux by down-regulation of pendrin expression.     

Serum hepatitis B surface antigen correlates with fibrosis and necroinflammation: A multicentre perspective in China

The kinetics of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) during the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been studied, but the factors affecting them remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the factors affecting HBsAg titres, using data from multicentre, large‐sized clinical trials in China. The baseline data of 1795 patients in 3 multicentre trials were studied, and the patients were classified into 3 groups: hepatitis B early antigen (HBeAg)‐positive chronic HBV infection (n = 588), HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B (n = 596), and HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B (n = 611). HBsAg titres in the different phases were compared, and multiple linear progression analyses were performed to investigate the implicated factors. HBsAg titres varied significantly in different phases (P = .000), with the highest (4.60 log10 IU/mL [10%‐90% confidence interval: 3.52 log10 IU/mL‐4.99 log10 IU/mL]) in patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic HBV infection. In all phases, age and HBV DNA were correlated with serum HBsAg level. In HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B patients, a negative correlation between HBsAg titres and fibrosis stage was observed. Alanine amonitransferase or necroinflammatory activity was also correlated with HBsAg titres in HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B patients. In conclusion, decreased HBsAg titres may be associated with advancing fibrosis in HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B patients or increased necroinflammation in those with HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B. Our findings may help clinicians better understand the kinetics of HBsAg and provide useful insights into the management of this disease.