Emergency gum elastic bougie-assisted tracheal intubation in four patients with upper airway distortion

PURPOSE: The gum elastic bougie (GEB) has been in use for a long time and allows tracheal intubation in most cases of difficult direct laryngoscopy. Use of the GEB when anatomical landmarks of the upper airway are not recognizable has not been reported. We describe our experience of airway management with the GEB in cases of severe upper airway distortion. CLINICAL FEATURES: Four patients with severe respiratory distress caused by upper airway distortion secondary to various non-malignant causes were managed with the GEB. For these four patients, a rapid sequence induction of anesthesia was performed with a surgeon present during the procedure. The GEB was used as the initial intubating technique in all cases and allowed a rapid and successful tracheal intubation in spite of non-recognizable anatomical structures. The distal hold-up feeling after GEB insertion confirmed, in all cases, the correct intratracheal position of the GEB. CONCLUSION: The GEB can be a valuable tool in cases of difficult airway management caused by upper airway distortion. The lack of visualization of normal pharyngeal structures did not prevent the successful insertion of the GEB in the trachea in the four patients reported.     

Quantitative analysis of surface EMG activity of cranial and leg muscles across sleep stages in human.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to make a quantitative analysis of the changes in cranial and limb muscle activity from wakefulness to light and deep sleep stages and during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep of normal subjects. METHODS: Polysomnographic recordings were made of the sleep of 9 healthy human subjects, including electromyograms of the suprahyoid, temporalis and masseter cranial muscles and the anterior tibialis limb muscle. Quantitative assessments of EMG activity were carried out with root mean square (RMS) and frequency-spectral analysis (FSA) methods. RESULTS: From wakefulness to sleep, a significant reduction (-25.2 to -71.2%; P < 0.01) was observed in EMG activity (for both RMS and FSA) of the 3 cranial muscles using both methods of analysis. The EMG activity of suprahyoid muscle further decreased from non-REM to REM sleep (-17.8 to -43.0%; P < 0.01). In contrast, the EMG activity of the anterior tibialis muscle was only slightly reduced across sleep stages and did not further reduce during REM sleep. During REM sleep, all the 4 muscles maintained minimal activity. CONCLUSIONS: The maintenance of muscle activity during REM sleep suggests that a minimal level of activity is required to preserve physiological functions (e.g. airway patency, posture) related to homeostasis and bodily protection. SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests that quantitative sleep EMG analysis is important for understanding the mechanisms of sleep-related movement disorders or when objective assessment of changes in EMG activity are needed for diagnostic purposes or for the assessment of drug efficiency.     

Emergence of disinhibition-induced synchrony in the CA3 region of the guinea pig hippocampus in vitro

Suppressing inhibition mediated by GABA_A receptors induces rhythmic bursts of synchronous firing in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Extracellular and intracellular records were made from guinea pig hippocampal slices to examine the emergence of this synchrony. We found that application of GABA_A receptor antagonists initiated a sequence of changes in the activity of the CA3 neuronal population. First, the frequency of firing detected in multiunit records increased. Then, firing began to oscillate with increases followed by decreases in firing that occurred at intervals of 0.5–2 s. The coherence of the rhythmic activity at a single site increased with time, and discharges at distant sites in the CA3 region became correlated. Fluctuations in firing were associated with extracellular field potentials. Finally, epileptiform events associated with large field potentials began to recur at intervals of 5–10 s. The onset of fully synchronous events was sudden and correlated with a large increase in the amplitude of the field potential. Thus the CA3 population can express states of partial population synchrony preceding the onset of epileptiform discharges. A similar activity was induced and maintained by applying low doses of GABA_A receptor antagonists. Intracellular records suggest that inhibitory signalling mediated by GABA_B receptors contributes to the emergence of this activity. States of partial synchrony in the CA3 region exposed to GABA_A receptor antagonists therefore depend on alternating periods of firing, presumably dependent on excitatory synaptic mechanisms, and silence, mediated in part by the activation of GABA_B receptors.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt before abdominal surgery in cirrhotic patients: a retrospective, comparative study.

Surgery in cirrhotic patients is associated with high morbidity and mortality related to portal hypertension and liver insufficiency. Therefore, preoperative portal decompression is a logical approach to facilitate abdominal surgery and hopefully to improve postoperative survival. The present study evaluated the clinical outcomes of 18 patients (mean age 58 years) with cirrhosis (seven alcoholics and 11 nonalcoholics) who underwent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement before antrectomy (n=5), colectomy (n=10), small-bowel resection (n=1), pancreatectomy (n=1) and nephrectomy (n=1). TIPS was performed a mean (+/-SD) of 72+/-21 days before surgery and induced a marked mean decrease in portohepatic gradient from 21.4+/-3.9 mmHg to 8.4+/-3.4 mmHg. Cirrhotic patients (n=17) who underwent elective abdominal surgery without preoperative TIPS placement were used as the control group. Both groups were matched for age, etiology of cirrhosis, indications for surgery, type of surgery and coagulation parameters. The mean Pugh score was significantly higher in the TIPS group (7.7 versus 6.2). No significant differences were observed for operative blood loss, postoperative complications, duration of hospitalization and one-month (83% versus 88%) or one-year (54% versus 63%) cumulative survival rate. Analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model showed that neither TIPS placement nor preoperative Pugh score were independent predictors for survival. The present study suggests that preoperative TIPS placement does not improve postoperative evolution after abdominal surgery in cirrhotic patients with good or moderately impaired liver function.     

Does Preoperative Coronary Angioplasty Improve Perioperative Cardiac Outcome?

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is performed in patients with coronary artery disease who are undergoing major noncardiac procedures to reduce perioperative cardiac morbidity and mortality. However, the impact of this approach on postoperative outcome remains controversial.

Methods: The authors analyzed a cohort of 1,152 patients after abdominal aortic surgery in which 78 patients underwent PCI. A propensity score analysis was performed. Also, using a logistic regression model, the authors determined variables associated with a severe postoperative coronary event or a death in patients without PCI. Then, in patients with PCI, they compared the expected and observed outcome.

Results: Five variables (age > 75 yr, blood transfusion > 3 units, repeated surgery, preoperative hemodialysis, and previous cardiac failure) independently predicted (with 94% correctly classified) a severe postoperative coronary event, and five variables (age > 75 yr, repeated surgery, previously abnormal ST segment/T waves, previous hypertension, and previous cardiac failure) independently predicted (with 97% correctly classified) postoperative death. In the PCI group, the observed percentages of patients with a severe postoperative coronary event (9.0% [95% confidence interval, 4.4-17.4]) or death (5.1% [95% confidence interval, 2.0-12.5]) were not significantly different from the expected percentages (8.2 and 6.9%, respectively). When all patients were pooled together, the odds ratios of PCI were not significant. The propensity score analysis provided a similar conclusion.     

Cystic fibrosis mortality trends in France.

BACKGROUND: In 1992 France set up a national cystic fibrosis observatory (Observatoire national de la mucoviscidose, ONM) to monitor the state of health of patients on an annual basis. Using the ONM data, this study estimates the main indicators for life expectancy and assesses the total number of cystic fibrosis patients. METHODS: The data for the years 1994 to 2003 are divided into 3-year periods. Life tables are drawn up for these periods, from which mean and median lengths of life are determined. Using the most recent life table, the number of births in 2003 and the incidence of the disease, the total population of patients can be estimated, assuming a stationary population. RESULTS: In 2001-2003, life expectancy at birth of patients registered with the ONM was 39.1 years and median length of life was 36.4 years. These results, substantially better than those of 1994-1996, are linked to improved conditions of patient inclusion in the ONM database, to improvements in their healthcare, but also to the limitations of the life tables. Based on the 2003 data, the total theoretical number of patients is 6490, and coverage by the ONM database is thus 63.2%. CONCLUSIONS: These provisional results demonstrate the need to convert the ONM observatory into a registry providing exhaustive coverage of all patients.     

Automated three-dimensional analysis of histological and autoradiographic rat brain sections: application to an activation study.

Besides the newly developed positron emission tomography scanners (microPET) dedicated to the in vivo functional study of small animals, autoradiography remains the reference technique widely used for functional brain imaging and the gold standard for the validation of in vivo results. The analysis of autoradiographic data is classically achieved in two dimensions (2D) using a section-by-section approach, is often limited to few sections and the delineation of the regions of interest to be analysed is directly performed on autoradiographic sections. In addition, such approach of analysis does not accommodate the possible anatomical shifts linked to dissymmetry associated with the sectioning process. This classic analysis is time-consuming, operator-dependent and can therefore lead to non-objective and non-reproducible results. In this paper, we have developed an automated and generic toolbox for processing of autoradiographic and corresponding histological rat brain sections based on a three-step approach, which involves: (1) an optimized digitization dealing with hundreds of autoradiographic and histological sections; (2) a robust reconstruction of the volumes based on a reliable registration method; and (3) an original 3D-geometry-based approach to analysis of anatomical and functional post-mortem data. The integration of the toolbox under a unified environment (in-house software BrainVISA, http://brainvisa.info) with a graphic interface enabled a robust and operator-independent exploitation of the overall anatomical and functional information. We illustrated the substantial qualitative and quantitative benefits obtained by applying our methodology to an activation study (rats, n=5, under unilateral visual stimulation).     

Single step enrichment of blood dendritic cells by positive immunoselection

Dendritic cells (DC) for cancer immunotherapy protocols are generated most commonly by in vitro differentiation of monocytes with exogenous cytokines (Mo-DC). However, Mo-DC differ in their molecular phenotype and function from blood DC (BDC). Clinical isolation of BDC has been limited to the use of density gradients, which result in low yields of variable purity. We have developed a DC enrichment platform, which uses the CMRF-44 (IgM) or CMRF-56 (IgG) monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to select BDC that express these antigens after a short overnight incubation. After culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in autologous/AB serum, biotinylated CMRF-44 was used to select DC in a single step immuno-magnetic bead procedure; this produced populations containing up to 99% CMRF-44(+) cells, including up to 67% CMRF-44(+) CD14(-) CD19(-) DC, from an initial starting population of approximately 0.5%. We observed consistent differences in the purities obtained from individual donors with a mean of 54% CMRF-44(+) cells (range 19-99%). Similar results were obtained using biotinylated CMRF-56 mAb, an antibody identifying a comparable population in cultured PBMC. We recovered an average of 54% and 66% of the available BDC in separations performed with the CMRF-44 and CMRF-56 mAb, respectively. The reproducibility of the procedure and the ability to perform it in a closed sterile system makes it suitable for clinical use. Larger scale preparations starting from apheresis derived PBMC will produce sufficient BDC for immunotherapy protocols. The purified BDC elicited strong allogeneic mixed leukocyte reactions and HLA classes II- and I-restricted antigen-specific primary immune responses.