Quantitation of the reconstruction quality of a four-dimensional computed tomography process for lung cancer patients

We have developed a four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) technique for mapping breathing motion in radiotherapy treatment planning. A multislice CT scanner (1.5 mm slices) operated in ciné mode was used to acquire 12 contiguous slices in each couch position for 15 consecutive scans (0.5 s rotation, 0.25 s between scans) while the patient underwent simultaneous quantitative spirometry measurements to provide a sorting metric. The spirometry-sorted scans were used to reconstruct a 4D data set. A critical factor for 4D CT is quantifying the reconstructed data set quality which we measure by correlating the metric used relative to internal-object motion. For this study, the internal air content within the lung was used as a surrogate for internal motion measurements. Thresholding and image morphological operations were applied to delineate the air-containing tissues (lungs, trachea) from each CT slice. The Hounsfield values were converted to the internal air content (V). The relationship between the air content and spirometer-measured tidal volume (v) was found to be quite linear throughout the lungs and was used to estimate the overall accuracy and precision of tidal volume-sorted 4D CT. Inspection of the CT-scan air content as a function of tidal volume showed excellent correlations (typically r>0.99) throughout the lung volume. Because of the discovered linear relationship, the ratio of internal air content to tidal volume was indicative of the fraction of air change in each couch position. Theoretically, due to air density differences within the lung and in room, the sum of these ratios would equal 1.11. For 12 patients, the mean value was 1.08 +/- 0.06, indicating the high quality of spirometry-based image sorting. The residual of a first-order fit between v and V was used to estimate the process precision. For all patients, the precision was better than 8%, with a mean value of 5.1% +/- 1.9%. This quantitative analysis highlights the value of using spirometry as the metric in sorting CT scans. The 4D reconstruction provides the CT data required to measure the three-dimensional trajectory of tumor and lung tissue during free breathing.     

A novel HLA-B*39 allele (HLA-B*3916) due to a rare mutation causing cryptic splice site activation

A novel HLA-B*39 variant, found in an African patient with sickle cell anemia undergoing bone marrow transplantation is described. Initially suspected by inconsistent serological typing (B-blank, Bw6), then recognized by PCR-SSP, and finally characterized by nucleotide sequencing, this novel allele is designated HLA-B*3916. It differs from HLA-B*3910 by a point mutation (G to C) at position 17 of exon 3 causing glutamine to histidine change at codon 96 of alpha(2) domain, a conserved position among HLA class I alleles. cDNA sequence analysis further revealed the presence of both normally and abnormally spliced mRNA species in established cell lines. The abnormal species correspond to partial truncation of exon 3 presumably due to the nucleotide change in exon 3, which constitutes a new consensus acceptor splice site within this exon. We postulate that the observed blank is essentially the consequence of qualitative change in a critical region of this novel antigen as abnormal mRNA species are relatively less abundant than normal species. Because the residue 96 of the HLA class I heavy chain is directly involved in interaction with alpha(2)m, another interesting possibility is that an aminoacid change in this position would perturb such interaction and consequently could affect the serological specificity of B*3916, or its expression or both.     

Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis is not infectious for SCID mice

The infectious power of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis was explored by inoculating SCID mice intranasally with either P. carinii f. sp. hominis or P. carinii f. sp. muris isolates. Only mice inoculated with mouse parasites developed Pneumocystis pneumonia, as assessed by microscopy and PCR. These results suggest that humans do not contract pneumocystosis from animals.     

T lymphocytemediated cytotoxicity in hbsag-positive liver disease

It has been suggested that cellular immune responses to the hepatitis B virus are of importance in the production of liver cell damage in both acute and chronic hepatitis. An assay has now been developed which detects lymphocytes cytotoxic for target cells coated with the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The reaction could be blocked by prolonged pre-incubation of lymphocytes with highly purified HBsAg and studies with lymphocyte subpopulations have shown that T lymphocytes were the principle effector cells.

When lymphocytes from twenty-three patients with acute hepatitis were used, cytotoxic T cells were demonstrable during the recovery phase, but not in the first 3 weeks of the illness. However, when these same lymphocytes were extensively washed, cytotoxicity was then detected in all the patients, even at the time of presentation. In patients with HBsAg-positive chronic liver disease the results with the standard assay were largely within the normal range, but again with extensive lymphocyte washing cytotoxicity was detected in all of the patients with untreated chronic active hepatitis and in five out of six with more minor histological lesions. The results in five carriers with normal liver histology were completely different, cytotoxicity remaining undetectable even after the extensive washing procedure.

The results suggest that blocking factors, possibly antigen or antigen–antibody complexes, could be interfering with the detection of sensitized T cells in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis, but that there is a true absence of sensitization to HBsAg in healthy carriers with normal liver histology.

     

Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers

Berbers live in groups scattered across North Africa whose origins and genetic relationships with their neighbours are not well established. The first hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was sequenced in a total of 155 individuals from three Tunisian Berber groups and compared to other North Africans. The mtDNA lineages found belong to a common set of mtDNA haplogroups already described in North Africa. Besides the autochthonous North African U6 haplogroup, a group of L3 lineages characterized by the transition at position 16041 seems to be restricted to North Africans, suggesting that an expansion of this group of lineages took place around 10500 years ago in North Africa, and spread to neighbouring populations. Principal components and the coordinate analyses show that some Berber groups (the Tuareg, the Mozabite, and the Chenini‐Douiret) are outliers within the North African genetic landscape. This outlier position is consistent with an isolation process followed by genetic drift in haplotype frequencies, and with the high heterogeneity displayed by Berbers compared to Arab samples as shown in the AMOVA. Despite this Berber heterogeneity, no significant differences were found between Berber and Arab samples, suggesting that the Arabization was mainly a cultural process rather than a demographic replacement.     

Changes in the level of antioxidants in the blood from mice infected with<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Trichinella spiralis</Emphasis>

The biological reaction caused by oxygen-derived free radicals at the molecular and cellular levels involves many different biochemical components which can be directly damaged by oxidizing radicals. As such a reaction may lead to pathological processes, defence mechanisms have evolved to limit the rate of free radical production. These mechanisms employ low-molecular-weight non-enzymatic antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes which are inducible by oxidant stress. In this study, the activity of two antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), and the level of non-enzymatic antioxidants (total antioxidant status) in the blood from mice infected with Trichinella spiralis was examined. We observed a statistically significant, up to above twofold increase (relative to the control value in uninfected mice) in the level of both enzymes as well as in the total antioxidant status. An intensification of antioxidant processes during trichinellosis could be related to the presence of T. spiralis larvae, which may induce phagocytes to generate free radicals. Our research shows that the maximum growth in antioxidant activity in the blood appears during the period of the greatest muscle damage caused by T. spiralis infection at 3–7 weeks post-infection.     

Concentrations of domestic mite and pet allergens and endotoxin in Palestine

BACKGROUND: A few studies have compared indoor allergens and endotoxin levels between urban and rural settings as important determinants for asthma and atopy in children. However, no study was done in the Middle East or investigated refugee camps. METHODS: As part of a nested case-control study in Ramallah in 2001, we measured house dust mite and pet allergens, as well as endotoxin in dust collected from 110 children's mattresses and living room floors. RESULTS: Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p1) antigen were 4.48 microg/g in mattress dust and 1.23 microg/g floor dust. The highest Der p1 levels were seen in refugee camps. Concentrations of Dermatophagoides farinae antigen (Der f1) were much lower (<0.08 microg/g dust). Concentrations of cat allergen (Fel d1) were highest in villages, and those of dog allergen (Can f1) were highest in mattresses from cities and in floor dust from refugee camps. GM of endotoxin levels were 25.7 EU/mg in mattress dust and 49 EU/mg dust in floor dust. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of Der p1 were high compared to Western European countries, but were lower compared to UK and Australia. Levels of pet allergens were lower than in Western Europe. Endotoxin levels were higher compared to developed countries. Indoor environmental factors such as dampness seemed to be important determinants for allergen and endotoxin, but living habits such as lack of mattress cover appeared unimportant.     

Secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor from human luteinized granulosa cells is human chorionic gonadotrophin dependent

Vascularization is a prominent event during corpus luteum formation, providing low density lipoproteins for steroid biosynthesis and enabling transport of secreted steroids. The process of vascularization is controlled by specific regulators. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), otherwise named vascular permeability factor (VPF), induces endothelial cell proliferation as well as angiogenesis in vivo and increases capillary permeability. Here we report the expression of VEGF/VPF mRNA by cultured human luteinized granulosa cells (GC) for at least 10 days. Without HCG VEGF/VPF expression declined after day 4 and by day 10 was reduced to approximately 30% of the value at day 4. However, after culture in the presence of 1 U/ml human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), expression of VEGF/VPF mRNA by GC was four times greater than control experiments by day 10, and increased 100% from day 4 to day 10. Simultaneously, HCG supplementation increased VEGF/VPF secretion by GC. Medium VEGF/VPF on day 3 was 13 pM without and 11 pM with HCG. Medium VEGF/VPF on day 10 was 6 pM without HCG and 29 pM with HCG. These results suggest that vascularization of the corpus luteum is induced by HCG-mediated effects of VEGF/VPF.