The effects of inhibitors of arachidonate metabolism on spontaneous and evoked endplate potentials at normal and crotoxin-treated frog neuromuscular junctions

Aspirin (1 mM), a selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, decreased endplate potential (e.p.p.) amplitude but did not affect either the biphasic changes in m.e.p.p. frequency or triphasic changes in e.p.p. amplitude induced by crotoxin. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (30 microM), a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, increased e.p.p. amplitude but did not affect the characteristic changes in m.e.p.p. frequency and e.p.p. amplitude in response to crotoxin. The incidence of giant m.e.p.p.s was reduced by aspirin and increased by NDGA. Arachidonate metabolism is not a major factor in the induction of neurotoxicity by crotoxin at the frog neuromuscular junction.     

Symptomatic and Clinical Improvement in Morbidly Obese Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Background: Patients who suffer with gastroesophageal reflux Disease (GERD) endure a worsening of symptoms as their weight increases. When medical treatment of this condition in the morbidly obese patients fails, surgical intervention may be indicated. Choosing a procedure which not only helps achieve weight control but which also relieves symptoms and complications of GERD is the goal. We present a review of patients who have undergone Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGBP) and related procedures for this disease. Methods: One hundred eighty-eight patients undergoing surgery for morbid obesity and for GERD in 1992-1996 were contacted by mail or phone. All of these patients had undergone preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy to grade the severity of their disease. Their preoperative symptoms were compared to those experienced postoperatively. Results: One hundred thirty patients underwent a RYGBP with modified Hill fundopexy, 22 patients underwent a distal gastrectomy with modified Hill fundopexy, 8 patients underwent distal gastrectomy alone and 28 patients underwent RYGBP alone. There have been no deaths. There were nine surgical complications, eight early and one at 2.5 years postoperation. Follow-up is 4-48 months. The average BMI dropped from 43 to 30.2 kg/m². Whereas all patients were on some form of medical therapy before surgery, only 14 reported the need for medication postoperatively. Conclusions: Surgical intervention for weight control and treatment of GERD has been highly successful in our experience both with respect to weight control and to the reduction of reflux symptoms. Depending upon endoscopic and operative findings a RYGBP with or without an antireflux procedure can provide dramatic improvement. Gastrectomy with antireflux modifications is appropriate in selected cases.     

Protein and energy relationships in the diet of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

First-year alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) averaging 377-857 g body weight were fed diets containing various levels of protein, fat and carbohydrate. In experiment 1, nine diets arranged in a centrally rotatable composite design contained 0-36% extruded corn and 4-20% total fat. Response surface analysis predicted maximum responses in performance criteria at 6.3-18.8% corn and 15.8-27.4% fat. Corn inclusion at up to 27-36% of diet resulted in equal or improved performance compared to carbohydrate-free diets of equal fat content. Energy digestibility averaged 84.3%. Protein digestibility averaged 86.7%. Maximum responses in performance criteria were predicted at 42.5-48.7% digestible protein and 4367-4421 kcal/kg digestible energy. In two additional experiments, alligators were either fasted or fed for various numbers of days/week. Carbohydrate-supplementation of high protein diets led to equal or significantly improved performances. Performance was maximized by feeding the alligators 5-6 d/w. Regression of body weight changes against energy and protein intake yielded estimates of daily maintenance requirements of 5.7-8.4 kcal and 0.49-0.89 g protein/kg live body weight. Dietary fat and carbohydrate in the forms and amounts fed to young alligators were well-utilized. Optimal digestible energy:crude protein ratios (8.2-10.9:1 kcal/g protein) were similar to those of other aquatic ectotherms of equal size.