The wear and tear on health: What is the role of occupation?

Health is well known to show a clear gradient by occupation. Although it may appear evident that occupation can affect health, there are multiple possible sources of selection that can generate a strong association, other than simply a causal effect of occupation on health. We link job characteristics to German panel data spanning 29 years to characterize occupations by their physical and psychosocial burden. Employing a dynamic model to control for factors that simultaneously affect health and selection into occupation, we find that selection into occupation accounts for at least 60% of the association. The effects of occupational characteristics such as physical strain and low job control are negative and increase with age: late‐career exposure to 1 year of high physical strain and low job control is comparable to the average health decline from ageing 16 and 6 months, respectively.     

Global malalignment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: the axial deformity is the main driver

European Spine Journal - To evaluate the global alignment of non-operated subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A total of 254 subjects with AIS and 64 controls underwent low dose biplanar...     

Validation of the archimedes diabetes model

OBJECTIVE: To validate the Archimedes model of diabetes and its complications for a variety of populations, organ systems, treatments, and outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We simulated a variety of randomized controlled trials by repeating in the model the steps taken for the real trials and comparing the results calculated by the model with the results of the trial. Eighteen trials were chosen by an independent advisory committee. Half the trials had been used to help build the model ("internal" or "dependent" validations); the other half had not. Those trials comprise "external" or "independent" validations. RESULTS: A total of 74 validation exercises were conducted involving different treatments and outcomes in the 18 trials. For 71 of the 74 exercises there were no statistically significant differences between the results calculated by the model and the results observed in the trial. Considering only the trials that were never used to help build the model-the independent or external validations-the correlation was r = 0.99. Including all of the exercises, the correlation between the outcomes calculated by the model and the outcomes seen in the trials was r = 0.99. When the absolute differences in outcomes between the control and treatment groups were compared, the correlation coefficient was r = 0.97. CONCLUSIONS: The Archimedes diabetes model is a realistic representation of the anatomy, pathophysiology, treatments, and outcomes pertinent to diabetes and its complications for applications that involve the populations, treatments, outcomes, and health care settings spanned by the trials.     

Earlier intervention in type 2 diabetes: the case for achieving early and sustained glycaemic control

In type 2 diabetes, the onset and progression of complications is significantly delayed by improving glycaemic control. However, the proportion of patients reaching and sustaining guideline recommendations for glycaemic targets remains unacceptably low. Recent clinical trials and predictive physiologically based mathematical simulations (Archimedes model) indicate that benefits can be enhanced with earlier intervention and timely achievement of glycaemic targets. This article reviews the evidence for early intervention, showing that intensive approaches, including earlier introduction of combination therapy, allow more patients to achieve glycaemic targets and hence reduce complications and delay disease progression.     

Structure-Based Design of Type II Inhibitors Applied to Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase

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Photocatalysis of nanocomposite titania–natural silica as antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The entries of pathogenic bacteria into the human body remain a severe problem to health that can be prevented using antibacterial agents. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic technique using semiconductor nanocomposite TiO₂–SiO₂ has great potential as an antibacterial method. In order to utilize natural resources, SiO₂ supporting materials are obtained from the extraction of beach sand due to the high silica content. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize a nanocomposite of TiO₂ with SiO₂ extracted from beach sand as an antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity test used the dilution and optical density method. Based on XRD analysis, the crystals of TiO₂ in the synthesized composites showed a more dominant anatase structure. Furthermore, Ti–O–Si bonds were identified from the IR spectrum, which showed the interaction between TiO₂ and SiO₂. In addition, SEM-EDX results showed agglomerated spherical particles with a TiO₂–SiO₂ nanocomposite particle size of 40–107 nm. The best antibacterial activity was demonstrated by the 1 : 0.5 TiO₂–SiO₂ nanocomposite, with inactivation percentages of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa of 98.69% and 97.44%, respectively.

TiO₂ material is composited with silica obtained from natural sand with indirect sonochemistry method. The addition of SiO₂ increase the photocatalyst activity of TiO₂ as an antibacterial against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.