Pattern of CBF in the rehabilitation of visuospatial neglect.

The CBF was assessed in seven patients before and after rehabilitation for visuospatial neglect. Two months of treatment produced an increased perfusion both in the right posterior and left anterior areas of the brain. However, only the left anterior CBF increase was correlated with the neglect disorders. The left anterior improvement in CBF was inversely correlated with right-left cerebellum asymmetry in pre- and post-treatment. The present data suggest the role of the frontal eye-fields in the mechanism of recovery of visual exploration in patients with severe neglect.     

Scatter correction in scintigraphy: the state of the art

In scintigraphy, the detection of scattered photons degrades both visual image analysis and quantitative accuracy. Many methods have been proposed and are still under investigation to cope with scattered photons. The main features of the problem of scattering in radionuclide imaging are presented first, to provide a sound foundation for a critical review of the existing scatter correction techniques. These are described using a classification relating to their aims and principles. Their theoretical potentials are analysed, as well as the difficulties of their practical implementation. Finally, the problems of their evaluation and comparison are discussed. Correspondence to: I. Buvat     

Magnetic resonance and arthroscopy of the knee. A double-blind study in 40 patients]

To evaluate the capabilities of ultra-low-field MR for the high-resolution imaging of the knee with a short acquisition time, a prospective double-blind study was carried out on 40 consecutive patients with acute or chronic articular conditions who were examined with both MR imaging and arthroscopy. Three-dimensional gradient-echo MR sequences were employed which allow many thin high-resolution slices to be obtained in a relatively short time. To evaluate the results arthroscopy, performed the day after MR imaging, was considered the gold standard. MR imaging and arthroscopy were in agreement in 84.6% of meniscal tears with 91.6% sensitivity and 80% specificity, in 82% of anterior cruciate ligament lesions with 100% sensitivity and 80% specificity and in 81% of cartilage lesions with 100% sensitivity and 61% specificity. On the whole, MR imaging and arthroscopy were in agreement in 82.5% of cases with 97.2% sensitivity and 75.3% specificity. MR imaging gave more information about collateral ligament, muscle and bone involvement. These results confirm the capabilities of ultra-low-field MR imaging in the study of the knee: the technique allows diagnostic studies to be performed in a short time, at a low cost, and with similar results to those obtained with higher field strengths.     

C-fos immunoreactivity in the brain following unilateral electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray in freely moving rats.

C-fos immunoreactivity was used to reveal brain areas in which neurons were influenced by electrical stimulations applied to the dorsal periaqueductal gray. These stimulations were applied in freely moving rats so that the resulting behaviors could be observed. Shortly afterwards, the brains of the rats were processed for C-fos immunoreactivity. In order to determine the specificity of the brain areas thus labeled, control stimulations were applied to the ventral tegmental area of other rats. Immunoreactive cells were found surrounding the tip of the stimulation electrode within a radius of 0.5 mm. This labeled area extended further along the rostro-caudal axis than along the medio-lateral or dorso-ventral axis in the periaqueductal gray. Distally, clusters of labeled cells were found ipsilaterally in the caudal periaqueductal gray extending to the nucleus cuneiformis, and bilaterally in the locus coeruleus and supramamillary decussation. More widespread labeling was found in most hypothalamic subareas and in the lateral habenula. The labeled brain areas following ventral tegmental area stimulations were totally distinct, and comprised the medial forebrain bundle, the nucleus accumbens, the vertical limb of the diagonal band and the medial septum. The pattern of labeling produced by periaqueductal gray stimulations was therefore specific, and provided information about brain structures involved in the motivational and behavioral effects of such stimulations.     

Aortic root substitution after aortic valve replacement: a prosthesis-sparing operation.

Patients who underwent isolated aortic valve replacement could come to attention for new onset aortic disease or progression of borderline alterations not corrected at the first operation, especially in the subset of bicuspid valve disease. We describe our technique in redo operations for aortic root disease, using only a vascular graft and sparing the previously implanted valve prosthesis. In case of normally functioning mechanical prosthesis, we always left the valve in situ and substituted the aortic root with a Dacron conduit, extending the replacement if necessary to the other diseased portions of the thoracic aorta.