Sexual Risk Intervention In Multiethnic Drug And Alcohol Users

An estimated 38.6 million persons globally are living with HIV, of whom over 1.1 million reside in Zambia. Of the 2 million cases in the US, 64% of new cases among women are among African Americans. Alcohol and drug use represents a significant risk factor for HIV transmission among both Zambians and African Americans. In addition, gender dynamics in both the US and Zambia promote transmission. This study examines two interventions targeting HIV risk behavior among HIV positive substance users, women in Miami, USA (the New Opportunities for Women (NOW) Project) and men in Lusaka, Zambia (the Partner Project). The study compares the efficacy of these two culturally tailored sexual behavior interventions provided in group and individual session formats. US and Zambian participants increased sexual barrier use and reduced substance-related sexual risk. Comparatively greater gains were made by higher risk Zambian males than US females in both group and individual conditions. Among lower risk participants, women in the group condition achieved and sustained the greatest comparative risk reductions. Results suggest that cost effective group HIV transmission risk reduction interventions for multiethnic individuals can be successfully implemented among both female and male drug and alcohol users in multinational settings.     

The impact of a screening mammography program on Sydney general practitioners

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine changes in Sydney general practitioners' (GPs) knowledge about, attitude towards and intention to recommend screening mammography over the two years since a screening mammography program was first implemented in the Central Sydney Health Service (CSHS) area. 123 GPs from the CSHS area were selected from a list maintained by the Breast X-ray Programme, while 127 GPs from the rest of Sydney were selected from the Yellow Pages telephone directory. The overall response rate was 84 per cent. Outcomes were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire covering knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, self-report of recent referral practice, intention to recommend, and sources of information about mammography screening. Demographic data were also collected. Results showed that overall knowledge has increased both inside and outside the CSHS area, but important deficiencies in knowledge remain in both areas. Attitudes to screening mammography have improved in the CSHS area, especially regarding the efficacy of screening mammography and patient compliance. Importantly, positive views of screening mammography have declined outside the CSHS area, especially about whether screening mammography can save women's lives. GPs in both areas remain concerned about costs. The presence and strategies of the Breast X-ray Programme have had some positive effect on the attitudes of GPs towards, but not knowledge of, screening mammography.     

A cost-effectiveness comparison of supported employment and rehabilitative day treatment

Recent research suggests that, for some people with severe mental illness, supported employment could improve vocational outcomes for little additional expense. This study describes the costs and client outcomes in one mental health center that converted two rehabilitative day treatment programs to supported employment. Converting from day treatment to supported employment improved vocational outcomes significantly without increasing costs. Although total costs for community treatment were lower in both sites after implementing supported employment, differences appeared to be due to decreasing unit costs over the study period. Results illustrate the importance of testing the effects of cost estimation methods on findings.This study was supported by West Central Services, the New Hampshire Division of Mental Health and Developmental Services, and NIMH grant K02-MH-00839. The authors are grateful to Jesse Turner and Phil Wyzik for facilitating the research.     

Comparison of the blood-brain barrier and liver penetration of acridine antitumor drugs

Summary The blood-brain barrier penetration of amsacrine and its analogs 9-({2-methoxy-4-[(methylsulfonyl)-amino]phenyl}amino)-,5-dimethyl-4-acridine carboxamide (CI-921) and M-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-acridine-4-carboxamide (AC) was measured in the barbiturate-anesthetized mouse. After intracarotid administration, AC was almost completery extracted (90%) in a single transit through the brain capillaries, whereas CI-921 (20%) and amsacrine (15%) were moderately extracted. AC is retained in the brain; no loss of AC from the brain was apparent at 1, 2, 4, or 8 min after injection. In contrast, after intraportal administration, 75% of the AC, 94% of the CI-921, and 57% of the amsacrine was extracted in a single transit through the hepatic vasculature. Rather than being retained in the mouse liver, these acridine antitumor agents show time-dependent loss (t _1/2=10 min for amsacrine and AC, 24 min for CI-921). We conclude that unlike most antitumor agents, these acridine drugs appear to penetrate the blood-brain barrier readily.This study was supported by the Auckland Medical Research Foundation (New Zealand), by the Medical Research Foundation (New Zealand), by the National Science Foundation (United States/New Zealand Cooperative Science Program), by the United States Veterans Administration, and by NIH grant NS 25554     

Lipoid Proteinosis: Case Report

A 20-month-old Kuwaiti girl had manifestations of lipoid proteinosis, a rare autosomal recessive disorder seen more commonly in Caucasians. This condition is diagnosed based on clinical, histopathologic, and ultrastructural criteria. Its biochemical and genetic aspects are still poorly understood.     

Doctors on the medical profession

Over the past two to three decades there has been vigorous debate in the sociological literature as well as in popular forums concerning the changing social position and status of the medical profession and the extent to which consumerism has entered the doctor-patient relationship. Few qualitative sociological inquiries, however, have directly sought the views of medical practitioners themselves on these issues. To address this hiatus, this article discusses the findings from an empirical study using semi-structured indepth interviews with 20 doctors living and working in Sydney about their views on the contemporary status of the medical profession and their experiences of medical practice. Three major aspects are discussed: the extent to which the social position of doctors has changed, the impact of consumerism on medical practice and the qualities of a ‘good’ doctor. The implications of these data for theorising the nature of contemporary medical practice, power and professional status is explored, with particular reference to the insights offered by Foucauldian theory.