Aufbau von Interventionsdatenbanken für mehr Evidenzbasierung in Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung – methodische Überlegungen

Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz - Kommunale AkteurInnen erfahren bei der Entwicklung und Auswahl von Maßnahmen der Prävention und...     

Kinder und Jugendliche in der COVID-19-Pandemie – zur besonderen Betroffenheit einer vermeintlichen „low risk group“

Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz -     

Nursing Home Residents’ Functional Trajectories and Mortality After a Transfer to the Emergency Department

ObjectiveTo describe nursing home residents’ (NHRs) functional trajectories and mortality after a transfer to the emergency department (ED).DesignCase-control observational multicenter study.Setting and ParticipantsIn total, 1037 NHRs presenting to 17 EDs in France over 4 nonconsecutive weeks in 2016.MethodsFinite mixture models were fitted to longitudinal data on activities of daily living (ADL) scores before transfer (time 1), during hospitalization (time 2), and within 1 week after discharge (time 3) to identify groups of NHRs following similar functional evolution. Factors associated with mortality were investigated by Cox regressions.ResultsTrajectory modeling identified 4 distinct trajectories of ADL. The first showed a high and stable (across time 1, time 2, and time 3) functional capacity around 5.2/6 ADL points, with breathlessness as the main condition leading to transfer. The second displayed an initial 37.8% decrease in baseline ADL performance (between time 1 and time 2), followed by a 12.5% recovery of baseline ADL performance (time 2?time 3), with fractures as the main condition. The third displayed a similar initial decrease, followed by a 6.7% recovery. The fourth displayed an initial 70.1% decrease, followed by an 8.5% recover, with more complex geriatric polypathology situations. Functional decline was more likely after being transferred for a cerebrovascular condition or for a fracture, after being discharged from ED to a surgery department, and with a heavier burden of distressing symptoms during transfer. Mortality after ED transfer was more likely in older NHRs, those in a more severe condition, those who were hospitalized more frequently in the past month, and those transferred for cerebrovascular conditions or breathlessness.Conclusions and ImplicationsIdentified trajectories and factors associated with functional decline and mortality should help clinicians decide whether to transfer NHRs to ED. NHRs with high functional ability seem to benefit from ED transfers whereas on-site alternatives should be sought for those with poor functional ability.     

Is Mandatory Vaccination for COVID-19 Constitutional under Brazilian Law?

Mandatory vaccination for COVID-19 has been the object of heated debate in Brazil. This article discusses the legality and constitutionality of such a policy. First, it analyzes the laws, regulations, and Supreme Court decisions that provide for the possibility of mandatory COVID-19 vaccination. Subsequently, it analyzes the constitutionality of a mandatory vaccination policy through the proportionality method to address the conflict between, on one side, the right to individual autonomy, which includes the right to refuse a medical intervention, and, on the other, health policies that interfere with individual autonomy to protect the rights to life and health. The application of this method allows for the identification of key questions that need to be answered to determine the constitutionality of a mandatory vaccination program. These questions cannot be answered a priori and in the abstract because they depend on the concrete circumstances of the pandemic, on the characteristics of the vaccine(s) against COVID-19, and on how a mandatory vaccination policy might be designed and implemented by authorities.     

菌阴肺结核诊断方法研究

目的 :利用联合检测技术对菌阴肺结核作诊断价值的研究。方法 :痰标本采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)TB DNA ,血清标本采用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA) ,皮肤试验采用PPD 0 1U皮试 ,同步检测。结果 :单项检测的敏感性、特异性依次为 :PCR 96 8%、96 2 % ;LAMIgG 6 9 2 %、98 1% ;PPDIgG 6 2 1%、98 1% ;SCIC 32 2 %、98 1% ;PPD 0 1U 5 3 8%、98 1%。单项检测对菌阴肺结核的检出率相应为 41 7% ,2 8 9% ,44 4% ,2 8 9% ,2 1 4%。联合检测对菌阴肺结核的检出率 2、3、4、5联分别为 6 6 9%、75 0 %、80 4%及 85 7% ,均高于单项检测。联合检测特异性随联合种类增高而轻微下降。若采用联合检测同时阳性方法 ,2、3、4、5联特异性均为 10 0 % ,初治菌阴组阳性检出率 2联方法可达 45 9% ,比任何单项方法检出率要高。结论 :由于原五种方法联合检测特异性有所轻度下降 ,因此联合检测同时阳性判定的方法更适用于初治菌阴肺结核的诊断 ,值得推广     

新生儿硬肿症播散性血管内凝血和肺出血的研究及其临床意义

目的 :探讨不同病情硬肿症播散性血管内凝血 (DIC)的出凝血功能改变 ,为合理治疗提供理论依据。方法 :比较观察组 10 0例和对照组 5 0例 5项出凝血指标检测结果。结果 :观察组不同病情之间比较 :凝血酶原时间 ,3P试验 ,血小板计数和外周血红细胞形态无显著性差异 (P均 >0 0 5 ) ;试管法凝血时间比较 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。观察组与对照组 5项指标比较有非常显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :新生儿硬肿症存在播散性血管内凝血的出凝血功能改变 ,病情越重改变越明显 ,越易合并DIC、肺出血 ,病死率也越高 ,硬肿症早期血液多呈现高凝状态 ,DIC的晚期多呈现低凝状态。早期肝素治疗 ,不仅可改变血液的出凝血状态 (高凝状态 ) ,而且是防治DIC ,肺出血 ,提高治愈率的有效途径。治疗硬肿症加强综合支持疗法 ,尤其是维持内环境稳定纠正酸中毒切不可忽视 ,否则肝素在酸性环境中灭活失效     

慢性阻塞性肺病大鼠模型的建立及药物干预的影响

目的：寻求建立慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）大鼠模型的新方法,探讨吸入皮质激素布地奈德及抗胆碱能受体支气管扩张剂溴化异丙托品（异丙托品）对大鼠COPD模型干预的影响。方法：用两次气管内注入脂多糖（LPS200μg/次）及熏香烟4周的复合刺激法建立大鼠COPD模型（模型组）,药物干预组于制作模型后第8天起分别吸入布地奈德及异丙托品溶液。观察支气管病理学改变及支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）细胞计数与分类,检测有关呼吸功能指标。结果：模型组气管、支气管及肺组织有慢性支气管炎、阻塞性肺气肿的特征性病理改变;气管壁厚度及腺体厚度／气管壁厚度的比值显著高于对照组（P＜0．01－0．001）;BALF中白细胞总数及中性粒细胞数较对照组显著增高（P＜0．01）,静息分钟通气量（VE）、呼气峰流速（PEF）和“0．3s用力呼气容积”（“FEV0．3”）则显著降低（P＜0．05）。与模型组相比,布地奈德组白细胞总数及中性粒细胞数显著降低,单核－巨噬细胞所占构成比显著升高（P＜0．05）,异丙托品组则无显著差异（P＞0．05）。结论：采用两次气管内注入适量LPS和反复熏香烟的方法,可成功制备大鼠COPD模型,其病理及病生理改变与人类COPD类似,为人类COPD研究提供了一个新工具。皮质激素对大鼠COPD模型有一定保护作用。     

人心肌肌凝蛋白重链的制备研究

目的：探讨制备人心肌肌凝蛋白重链（MHC）的方法,为制备其抗体提供抗原。方法：采用改良性制备人心肌MHC,通过SDS-PAGE及Western印迹分析其纯度及抗原特性。结果：①SDS-PAGE显示,纯化的人心肌MHC呈现只有一分子量较大的代表人心肌MHC带的典型图像;②Western印迹显示,200ku处有一典型的感光带。结论：所用的改良法能有效地提取纯化人心肌MHC,可满足制备其抗体的需要。     

中风发病后6—9月的生命质量

目的 比较发病后6－9月的中风患者与正常对照的健康差异,以明确针对中风患者的社区卫生服务应着手解决的健康问题。方法 对150例中风后6－9月的患者及按照性别、年龄、居住环境进行1：1配对的正常对照,采用SF－36进行健康自评,比较不同领域的健康状况。结果 患者生命质量在躯体功能、生理性角色功能受限、 社会功能、活力4个领域（P＜0．01）随年龄的增加而降低。男性生命质量在总体健康（P＝0．017）、躯体功能（P＝0．015）、活力和精神健康（P＜0．01）等4个领域好于女性。患者与对照比较,除了疼痛（P＝0．289）领域外,患者生命质量的各个领域均差于对照（P≤0．001）。结论 患者以发病后6－9月时,除了存在严重的躯体功能障碍之外,还有严重的心理、社会功能障碍以及角色功能障碍。其中,精神健康和女性患者是工作重点。