Lyt phenotypes of primary cytotoxic T cells generated across the A and E region of the H-2 complex

Six different cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) combinations were established, four of which generated effector cells against the I-E, and two against the I-A molecule. The cell surface phenotype of effector cells was then determined by depletion of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity with antisera and rabbit complement (C) treatment. Both types of effector cells were completely eliminated by treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 antiserum plus C. Anti-Lyt-1.2 and C depleted anti-A and anti-E killer activity but did not eliminate CTL generated across a whole H-2 difference. One out of three different batches of anti-Lyt-2.2 antiserum did not deplete anti-A killer activity, while it efficiently eliminated CTL generated across the E region or whole H-2 difference. However, two batches of anti-Lyt-2.2 antiserum depleted also anti-A CTL activity. A quantitative difference between anti-A and anti-E CTL in terms of Lyt-2 expression was demonstrated by significant differences in recovery of killer activity, after treatment of these two types of CTL with a wide concentration range of the same anti-Lyt-2.2 antiserum and C. Thus it is concluded that anti-A killer cells have the cell surface phenotype of Thy-1⁺, Lyt-1, Lyt-2↑, whereas anti-E CTL are Thy-1⁺, Lyt-1↑, Lyt-2←. The data are discussed in the context of a possible association of Lyt phenotypes of T cells with the type of MHC antigens they recognize.     

The efficacy of photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming in the removal of calcium silicate-based filling remnants from the root canal after rotary retreatment

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) in the removal of filling remnants from root canals after rotary phase of retreatment and to examine the difference in the amount of residual material considering the type of sealer. Thirty-six extracted single-rooted human teeth were instrumented and randomly divided into three groups according to the filling material used: group 1: EndoSequence BC Sealer (Brassler, USA), group 2: MTA Fillapex (Angelus Solucoes Odontologicas, Londrina, Brasil), and group 3: AH Plus sealer (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany). Cold lateral condensation technique was used. After 2 weeks, the root canals were retreated with a rotary phase retreatment system (ProTaper Universal Retreatment, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), followed by Er:YAG laser-activated irrigation (photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming, PIPS). The specimens were scanned in a micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) device after root canal filling, after the rotary retreatment, and after the PIPS. There was significant reduction in the amount of filling material after the rotary phase of retreatment in all groups (p < 0.05), the highest in the MTA Fillapex group (p < 0.001) and no difference between the EndoSequence BC and the AH Plus (p = 0.608). There was significant reduction of the filling remnants after the PIPS in all groups (p < 0.05). The MTA Fillapex was the most easily removed during rotary phase of the retreatment, and there were no differences in the amount of the remaining filling material between EndoSequence BC and the AH Plus groups after rotary phase of the retreatment. The PIPS improved the removal of filling remnants in all groups.     

Komplikationen nach Ablation supraventrikulärer Tachykardien

The ablation of supraventricular tachycardias is a curative procedure with high success rates. Due to considerably improvement of quality of life, it becomes the therapy of first choice in nearly all kinds of symptomatic supraventricular reentry tachycardias. Following the guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation, pulmonary vein isolation is still second choice of therapy after ineffective medical treatment. In experienced electrophysiological centres a complication rate of < 2% and an intention to treat mortality of < 0.1% can be expected.     

Which questionnaires should we use to evaluate quality of life in patients with chronic graft-vs-host disease?

AimTo investigate the ability of two standard quality of life (QOL) questionnaires – The Short Form (36-item) Health Survey (SF-36) and The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ C30) to evaluate QOL in patients with chronic graft-vs-host disease (cGVHD) graded according to National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus criteria.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, QOL was assessed in patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb and were alive and in complete remission for more than one year after allo-SCT.ResultsThe study included 58 patients, 38 patients with cGVHD and 20 controls, patients without cGVHD. Patients with cGVHD scored according to the NIH criteria had significantly lower scores of global health status and lower QOL on all SF-36 subscales and most of QLQ C30 functional subscales (P < 0.050 for all comparisons). Furthermore, patients with active cGVHD had significantly lower QOL scores than patients with inactive cGVHD, and this difference was most evident in physical functioning subscale of SF-36 (P = 0.0007) and social functioning subscale of QLQ C30 (P = 0.009).ConclusioncGVHD scored according to the NIH criteria is correlated with patient-reported QOL, particularly in the physical domains as detected by SF-36. QLQ C30 questionnaire adds more information on social functioning and should be used as a valuable tool in the evaluation of social domains in cGVHD patients.Although it is potentially lifesaving for a variety of hematological malignant and non-malignant disorders, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) carries a significant risk of acute and late post-transplant complications. Improvements in transplantation techniques and supportive care have resulted in a reduction of early transplant-related mortality (1,2). However, the burden of late complications remains high, and two thirds of long-term allo-SCT survivors experience at least one chronic health condition (3). These complications occur due to treatment exposures before and during allo-SCT, cause substantial mortality, and severely impair patients’ functional status and quality of life (QOL). This is why today the aim of the treatment is not just to cure the primary hematological disease, but to facilitate the recovery of the physical and emotional functioning and improve QOL and social reintegration in family and work environment.Health-related QOL is now considered to be one of the relevant treatment outcomes because it provides a broader understanding of the patient’s status beyond simple disease-free survival. It is a multi-dimensional construct comprised of several related domains including physical, emotional, social, and role functioning, as well as a person''s overall evaluation of his or her well-being and ability to function (4,5). Better understanding of QOL in long-term survivors is necessary to provide adapted pre-transplant counseling and recommendations for post-transplant follow-up.With a cumulative incidence of 40%-70% and significant mortality, chronic GVHD (cGVHD) represents the most important late complication following allo-SCT (6,7). Moreover, it seems that the incidence of cGVHD in the recent years has been increasing, probably due to the fact that much older patients undergo allo-SCT, as well as due to the increased use of peripheral blood stem cell grafts and matched unrelated donors, all known risk factors for cGVHD (8). In a series of publications originating from 2005 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference, investigators proposed means to standardize diagnosis, scoring, histopathology, biomarkers, response assessment, and research in cGVHD (9-14). These criteria were developed to advance clinical trials and consequently improve the management of cGVHD and long-term survivorship after allo-SCT.As one of the important treatment outcomes, QOL is increasingly being subjected to the same degree of rigorous study as other significant allo-SCT outcomes. Most of the studies so far have reported a negative, significant association between cGVHD and QOL after allo-SCT (15-20). However, some of the studies have found no association (21-25), and this relationship still needs to be elucidated. The awareness of the relationship between QOL and cGVHD is necessary to further facilitate the prevention and treatment of cGVHD.The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cGVHD on QOL in our cohort of long-term allo-SCT survivors with the use of two standard QOL questionnaires; The Short Form (36-item) Health Survey (SF-36) and The EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ C30). Furthermore, we assessed QOL according to cGVHD severity and activity defined by the NIH consensus criteria.     

Supplementation with Guanidinoacetic Acid in Women with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

A variety of dietary interventions has been used in the management of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), yet no therapeutic modality has demonstrated conclusive positive results in terms of effectiveness. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of orally administered guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) on multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI), musculoskeletal soreness, health-related quality of life, exercise performance, screening laboratory studies, and the occurrence of adverse events in women with CFS. Twenty-one women (age 39.3 ± 8.8 years, weight 62.8 ± 8.5 kg, height 169.5 ± 5.8 cm) who fulfilled the 1994 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for CFS were randomized in a double-blind, cross-over design, from 1 September 2014 through 31 May 2015, to receive either GAA (2.4 grams per day) or placebo (cellulose) by oral administration for three months, with a two-month wash-out period. No effects of intervention were found for the primary efficacy outcome (MFI score for general fatigue), and musculoskeletal pain at rest and during activity. After three months of intervention, participants receiving GAA significantly increased muscular creatine levels compared with the placebo group (36.3% vs. 2.4%; p < 0.01). Furthermore, changes from baseline in muscular strength and aerobic power were significantly greater in the GAA group compared with placebo (p < 0.05). Results from this study indicated that supplemental GAA can positively affect creatine metabolism and work capacity in women with CFS, yet GAA had no effect on main clinical outcomes, such as general fatigue and musculoskeletal soreness.     

Side-by-side evaluation of virtual non-contrast and post-contrast images improves detection of clinically significant urolithiasis on single-phase split bolus dual-energy CT urography

Objectives:Studies show insufficient sensitivity of virtual non-contrast (VNC) reconstructions for stone detection in dual-energy CT urography (DE-CTU). The aim of this study was to investigate if side-by-side-evaluation of both VNC and post-contrast images could increase the sensitivity of single-phase split bolus DE-CTU.Methods:Consecutive patients with haematuria who underwent split bolus DE-CTU on the same dual-source DE-CT scanner were retrospectively enrolled in the study. Intravenous furosemide and oral hydration were employed. Two readers, independently and then jointly in two separate sessions, recorded the location and the longest axial stone diameter on three randomised sets of images: separate VNC and post-contrast images, and side-by-side-reconstructions. True non-contrast (TNC) images served as the standard of reference.Results:A total of 83 urinary stones were detected on TNC images. Independent reader side-by-side-evaluation of VNC and post-contrast images yielded higher stone detection sensitivity (76 and 84%, respectively) compared to evaluation of only VNC (71 and 81%, respectively) or post-contrast images (64 and 80%, respectively). The sensitivity of joint reader evaluation of side-by-side-images reached almost 86% and was not significantly different from TNC images (p = 0.77). All stones larger than 3 mm were correctly detected by side-by-side-evaluation. Dose reduction of 55% could be achieved by omitting TNC scans.Conclusion:Side-by-side-VNC and post-contrast image evaluation enable detection of clinically significant urolithiasis on single-phase split bolus DE-CTU with significant dose reduction.Advances in knowledge:This study shows that single-phase DE-CTU is feasible if VNC imaging is simultaneously utilised with post-contrast images.     

Hyperpolarization-activated ion currents in cultured rat cortical and spinal cord astrocytes

Hyperpolarization-activated currents were recorded from rat brain cortical and spinal cord astrocytes maintained in culture. Spinal cord astrocytes expressed primarily an inward rectifier potassium current characterized by time-dependent inactivation, a strong dependence on extracellular Na⁺ and insensitivity to intracellular GTP-γ-S (0.2 mM). In cortical astrocytes voltage clamp protocols aimed to elicit currents activated at, or negative to cell membrane potentials led to the development of two distinct ion currents. The most prominent current resembled the inward rectifier potassium current. This component was sensitive to blockade by extracellular cesium and was greatly reduced during recordings performed with GTP-γ-S (0.2 Mm) added to the pipette solutions. The remaining current component was similar to the endothelial I_ha current. I_ha conductance was enhanced by extracellular potassium and the current reversal potential behaved as expected for a mixed cation, Na⁺/K⁻ current, I_ha was nearly abolished after removal of extracellular Na⁺. These results are consistent with the expression of a novel mixed cation conductance in glial cells, possibly involved in extracellular potassium buffering. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.