人工髓核假体置入治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

目的：观察已在临床初步开展起来的人工髓核置换术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的中、远期临床疗效及并发症,分析其对策。 方法：纳入2002-02/2004-08南方医科大学附属南方医院脊柱骨病外科采用单枚人工髓核假体置换术治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者98例,获得24～48个月随访患者75例,按平均随访时间达24,36,48个月,分为24个月组（n=30）,36个月组（n=23）,48个月组（n=22）。选同期采用单纯椎间盘髓核摘除术患者30例作为对照组,评估各组术后临床疗效,主观症状采用Oswestry功能障碍指数问卷表（0%表示正常,越接近100%则功能障碍越严重）和Prolo功能评分表（小于或等于5分为差,6～7分为中等,8～10为优）评价,分析术后影像学检查并测量手术节段活动度和椎间隙高度变化情况,同时观察假体位置情况,腰椎MRI观察假体位置和软骨终板的信号变化情况。腰椎活动度=（腰椎中立角度-前屈角度）＋（后伸角度-腰椎中立角度）=后伸角度-前屈角度;为消除X射线放大率的影响,椎间隙高度变化情况采用病变椎间隙后缘高度与上位椎体中部矢状径的比值表示。 结果：75例获得24～48个月随访者,全部进入结果分析。①48个月组2例、36个月组1例发生假体脱出,二次手术取出。其余患者术后临床症状均明显缓解,疼痛消失。②24,36,48个月组及对照组术后末次Oswestry功能障碍指数均较术前降低,差异有显著性意义（14.2%,52.1%;15.5%,55.2%;15.1%,53.6%;15.5%,51.5%;P〈0.05）。③24,36,48个月组及对照组术后末次Prolo能评分均较术前升高,差异有显著性意义（8.5,4.6分;8.6,4.5分;8.7,4.3分;8.4,4.2分;P〈0.05）。④24,36,48个月组同期手术节段腰椎活动度均高于对照组,差异有显著意义（P〈0.05）。⑤24个月组手术节段椎间高度较术前降低约4%、36个月组降低约12%、48个月组降低约18%、对照组较术前降低约25%,各组术前和术后椎间隙高度比值比较,差异具有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。⑥主要并发症：早期出现术后一过性腰痛24例,假体脱出3例。中、远期发现假体下沉32例,软骨终板损伤39例。 结论：单枚人工髓核假体置换治疗腰椎间盘突出症中、远期随访临床疗效肯定,但存在较严重并发症,应慎重开展此项手术。     

Donation reactions among autologous donors

Studies of risk factors associated with reactions among autologous blood donors have been limited. Therefore, 2091 autologous and 4737 homologous donations were examined. Donors at greatest risk for reaction were autologous donors who had reactions at first donation; among 45 who made repeat donations for the same surgery, 17 (38%) had repeat reactions. The group least likely to experience reactions were the autologous donors greater than or equal to 66 years old; they experienced a 1.9 greater than or equal to percent (6/310) incidence of reactions. More reactions were seen in both autologous and homologous donors in the categories of first-time donor, female gender, decreasing age, and lower weight. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that all of these variables were independent predictors of donor reaction, with first-time donation (odds ratio, 2.4) and female gender (odds ratio, 1.9) being the strongest predictors of reaction. Donor room personnel should be alerted that autologous donors who react at first donation are very likely to react at subsequent donations. Contrary to common concern, elderly autologous donors are least likely to have reactions.     

T lymphocytes specific for immunoglobulin allotype. I. Igh- 1(b)-specific T cells demonstrated by suppression in vivo and cytotoxicity in vitro

We show that determinants of IgG(2a) of C57BL/6 mice (Igh-1(b)) stimulate allotypespecific T cells in BALB/c mice. Such cells are detected in two different functional assays; chronic allotype suppression and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. A population of suppressor T cells capable of inducing chronic Igh-1(b) suppression was demonstrated by rosetting procedures to possess Igh-1(b)-specific receptors, a result interpreted as indicating that suppressor T cells may act directly upon allotype-bearing B cells. From similar populations we were also able to demonstrate Igh-1(b)-specific cytotoxic T cells. Such cells were lytic for target myeloma cells expressing the Igh-1(b) allotype of IgG28, and were ineffective against a variant cell line failing to express Igh-1(b), and other target cell lines expressing different allotypes or isotypes. The similar specificity of suppressor T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes for Igh-1(b) allotype raises the possibility that the target in allotype suppression is a B cell, and that allotype-specific cytotoxic T cells may play some role in regulation of allotype expression in the suppressed state.     

Low risk of viral infection after administration of vapor-heated factor VIII concentrate. International Investigator Group

A multicenter prospective study was carried out to evaluate whether a vapor-heated factor VIII concentrate transmitted blood-borne viral infections over a surveillance period of 15 months. Thirty-five patients with hemophilia and von Willebrand disease who had never received any blood components were treated. Twenty-eight were analyzed and found not to have non-A, non-B hepatitis. Sera from 20 of these 28 patients were also tested for the antibody to the hepatitis C virus. None had sero-converted during the follow-up period. None of the patients analyzed developed markers of the hepatitis B virus (n = 17) or the human immunodeficiency virus (n = 31). This vapor-heated factor VIII concentrate carries a low risk of transmitting hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus infection.     

The impact of late acute rejection after cadaveric kidney transplantation

BACKGROUND: Acute graft rejection (AR) following renal transplantation results in reduced graft survival. However, there is uncertainty regarding the definition, aetiology and long-term graft and patient outcome of AR occurring late in the post-transplant period. AIM: To determine if rejection episodes can be classified by time from transplantation by their impact on graft survival into early acute rejection (EAR) and late acute rejection (LAR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 687 consecutive adult renal transplant recipients who received their first cadaveric renal transplant at a single centre. All received cyclosporine (CyA)-based immunosuppression, from 1984 to 1996, with a median follow-up of 6.9 yr. Details were abstracted from clinical records, with emphasis on age, sex, co-morbid conditions, HLA matching, rejection episodes, patient and graft survival. ANALYSIS: Patients were classified by the presence and time to AR from the date of transplantation. Using those patients who had no AR (NAR) as a baseline, we determined the relative risk of graft failure by time to rejection. The characteristics of patients who had no rejection, EAR and LAR were compared. RESULTS: Compared with NAR, the risk of graft failure was higher for those patients who suffered a rejection episode. A much higher risk of graft failure was seen when the first rejection episode occurred after 90 d. Thus, a period of 90 d was taken to separate EAR and LAR (relative risk of 3.06 and 5.27 compared with NAR as baseline, p<0.001). Seventy-eight patients (11.4%) had LAR, 271 (39.4%) had EAR and 338 (49.2%) had NAR. The mean age for each of these groups differed (LAR 39.6 yr, EAR 40.8 yr compared with NAR 44 yr, p<0.003). The 5-yr graft survival for those who had LAR was 45% and 10-yr survival was 28%. HLA mismatches were more frequent in those with EAR vs. NAR (zero mismatches in HLA-A: 36 vs. 24%, HLA-B: 35 vs. 23% and HLA-DR: 63 vs. 41%, p<0.003). There was no difference in mismatching frequency between NAR and LAR. CONCLUSIONS: AR had a deleterious impact on graft survival, particularly if occurring after 90 d. AR episodes should therefore be divided into early and late phases. In view of the very poor graft survival associated with LAR, it is important to gain further insight into the main aetiological factors. Those such as suboptimal CyA blood levels and non-compliance with medication should be further investigated with the aim of developing more effective immunosuppressive regimens in order to reduce the incidence of LAR.     

The potential impact of wrong TBSA estimations on fluid resuscitation in patients suffering from burns: Things to keep in mind

Introduction

Accurate estimation of burn size is of critical importance, as it is incorporated in every resuscitation formula. The aim of this study was to investigate total burn surface area (TBSA) accuracy among burn specialists, evaluate the potential impact of incorrect evaluation on variations of resultant fluid resuscitation volumes and to discuss future possibilities to estimate or measure TBSA more precisely.

Methods

In a poll during two international burn meetings in 2010 and 2011 demonstrating three pictures of patients with different burn wound patterns and sizes we asked participants to estimate the total surface area burned in percentages. We then calculated resultant fluid volume differences based on established resuscitation formulas.

Results

In the polled 80 participants, the estimations for three patients demonstrated the following differences (DIF = MAX − MIN): for patient 1, 2 and 3 they were 22.5 (25–2.5), 16.5 (20–3.5) and 31.5 (40–8.5) %TBSA, respectively. Based on these differences we calculated the volume differences for patients 1,2 and 3, which were 1080 ml (Cincinnati Formula), 5280 ml (Parkland Formula) and 2016 ml (Cincinnati Formula), respectively.

Conclusions

The analysis showed high deviations of total body surface area among participants, also resulting in large variations of initial fluid resuscitation volumes. One option to address estimation variances is to perform more accurate assessments; also incorporating new technologies aiding to improve the quality of body surface estimations and related decisions.     

自主研制镍钛记忆合金左心耳封堵器封闭左心耳对实验动物左心功能的影响

目的:应用经胸彩色多普勒超声技术评价自主研制的镍钛记忆合金左心耳封堵器封闭左心耳对实验动物猪左心房、左心室功能的影响。方法:实验于2005-09/2006-08在南京医科大学第一附属医院江苏省实验动物中心完成。①实验分组:选用苏钟小型种猪17只,随机分为实验组12只和对照组5只。②实验干预:实验组12只苏钟小型种猪使用自主研制的左心耳封堵器(发明专利号码:200610037789.3,公开号CN1799521,由镍钛合金骨架、多聚四氟乙烯膜和传送连接部分等构成。其外观呈单盘状,封堵器的左心房面呈圆盘状,直接连接放入心耳内的圆柱体结构)行左心耳封堵,对照组5只手术步骤相同而不采用封堵器行左心耳封堵。③实验评估:两组动物分别于术前、术后1周、2周、4周采用经胸超声心动图检查观察心功能的改变,测量左心房内径、最大及最小容积、左房射血分数、左心房搏出量、血流分数等左房功能参数以及左室射血分数、左室短轴缩短率、Tei指数、E/A比值等指标。结果:①实验动物数量分析:在施行左心耳封堵后,1头猪于术中出血过多并出现室颤后死亡,1头猪因封堵器脱入左房,卡在二尖瓣口导致死亡。其余动物封堵效果良好。②两组动物术后1,2,4周左房功能指标各参数与术前比较无明显变化(P>0.05);与术前相比,实验组术后1周、2周左室射血分数、左心室短轴缩短率、E/A比值分别由术前的0.70±0.04、0.39±0.03、1.33±0.28降低至术后1周的0.59±0.05、0.31±0.03、0.95±0.11(P<均0.01)及术后2周的0.62±0.05、0.33±0.05、0.90±0.05(P<均0.01);Tei指数由术前的0.48±0.02增加至术后1周的0.59±0.03(P<0.01)及术后2周的0.58±0.04(P<0.01)。对照组手术前后左室功能指标差异无显著性。结论:自主研制左心耳封堵器可以有效的封堵左心耳;左心耳封堵后短期内对实验动物左房功能无明显影响;封堵后短期内对左心室功能具有短期的减弱,更长期的安全性有待于进一步研究。     

灯盏花素对糖尿病大鼠早期肾皮质一氧化氮和血管紧张素Ⅱ水平的影响

目的:以肾脏肥大指数、肾小球形态结构、一氧化氮和血管紧张素Ⅱ水平为指标,观察灯盏花素对糖尿病大鼠早期肾脏的保护作用。方法:实验于2006-03/06在遵义医学院珠海校区中心实验室完成。实验分组:雄性Wistar大鼠34只,腹腔单次注射链脲佐菌素65mg/kg制备糖尿病大鼠模型,将造模成功(血糖≥16.65mmol/L)30只大鼠随机分为糖尿病组和灯盏花素治疗组,每组10只;另设正常对照组10只。实验过程:灯盏花素治疗组给予20mg/(kg·d)腹腔注射灯盏花素注射液持续4周,糖尿病组及正常对照组给予同体积的生理盐水。实验评估:①4周后计算肾脏肥大指数(肾脏肥大指数=双侧肾质量/体质量׉)。②苏木精-伊红染色观察肾小球病理形态变化。③硝酸还原酶法测定血清及肾皮质组织一氧化氮水平。④放免法测血浆及肾皮质组织血管紧张素Ⅱ水平。结果:参加实验34只大鼠,有4只未达糖尿病成模标准,最终30只大鼠进入结果分析。①肾脏肥大指数:糖尿病模型组、灯盏花素治疗组显著高于正常对照组[(13.29±4.73)/1000,(11.07±2.19)/1000,(4.78±0.06)/1000,P<0.01],灯盏花素治疗组低于糖尿病模型组(P<0.05)。②肾小球病理形态:正常对照组大鼠肾小球血管袢薄而清晰,内皮细胞和系膜细胞数目正常;糖尿病大鼠肾小球血管壁可见玻璃样变性,基底膜增厚,系膜基质增生;灯盏花素治疗后肾小球血管壁未见明显变性,基底膜未见明显增厚,其病理变化明显改善。③血清及肾皮质组织一氧化氮水平:糖尿病模型组、灯盏花素治疗组显著高于正常对照组[血清一氧化氮水平:(31.36±4.21),(27.03±3.54),(25.21±3.39)μmol/L,P<0.05;肾皮质组织一氧化氮水平:(1.95±0.25),(1.27±0.32),(0.73±0.12)μmol/g,P<0.01]。灯盏花素治疗组低于糖尿病模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。④血浆和肾皮质组织血管紧张素Ⅱ水平:糖尿病模型组显著高于正常对照组[血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ水平:(693.98±297.22),(356.48±85.21)ng/L,P<0.05;肾皮质组织血管紧张素Ⅱ水平:(6964.56±2128.48),(3127.07±1519.98)pg/g,P<0.01]。灯盏花素治疗组低于糖尿病模型组(P<0.05)。结论:灯盏花素在降低糖尿病大鼠肾脏肥大和改善肾脏形态结构的同时还可降低外周血及肾皮质组织一氧化氮与血管紧张素Ⅱ水平,在一定程度上可改善糖尿病早期的肾损害。     

抗三尖杉酯碱HL-60细胞的抗程序性细胞死亡及其克服

三尖杉酯碱(harringtonin,HT)是中国产植物海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus hainanensis Li)中提取的一种抗肿瘤药物,对急性粒细胞白血病、急性单核细胞白血病有较好疗效⁽¹⁾。三尖杉酯碱可非常有效地诱导敏感HL-60细胞程序性死亡(apoptosis,Apo)^(2,3)。但超过半致死剂量(IC₅₀)近百倍的HT却不能诱导抗三尖杉酯碱细胞HT12程序性死亡。如用维拉帕米(verapamil,Vp)10μg·mL^-1逆转多药抗性后,HT虽可诱导HT12细胞程序性死亡,但与敏感细胞相比,出现程序性细胞死亡的时间大大推迟,用药浓度也提高约10倍。这些结果提示:程序性细胞死亡可能作为肿瘤细胞是否已形成抗药性的标志之一,同时也说明程序性细胞死亡相关因子可能参与肿瘤细胞抗药性的形成。     

Comparison of two screen-film combinations in contact and magnification mammography: detectability of microcalcifications

A new dual-screen, dual-emulsion-film combination that allows a decrease in radiation dose of approximately 66% was compared with a widely used single-screen, single-emulsion-film system in contact and magnification mammography. Clustered microcalcifications randomly superimposed on a breast phantom were detected, and the location and number of individual calcifications were determined by four observers. The detectability of calcifications, determined with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis area, was 0.92 for magnification and 0.82 for contact mammography with the single-emulsion-film system, compared with 0.84 and 0.72, respectively, with the dual-emulsion-film system. More clusters were correctly located and more individual calcifications were counted with magnification than with contact mammography. The dual-emulsion-film system with the magnification technique performs as well as the single-emulsion-film system with the contact technique, while retaining a decrease in required dose of approximately 40%.