Knowledge and Attitudes About Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Young Adults Experiencing Homelessness in Seven U.S. Cities

Purpose

Evidence suggests that young adults experiencing homelessness (YEH) are at elevated risk of HIV compared to housed youth. Given the limited research on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness among YEH, this study examined their PrEP knowledge and attitudes.

Differential effects of right hemisphere injection during the wada procedure on the primary and secondary languages in a bilingual speaker

Abstract

A Wada procedure was performed on a bilingual seizure surgery candidate. Immediately after the injection of barbiturate into the right internal carotid artery the patient spontaneously switched from counting in English (the language he indicated that he used most often) to Spanish (the language he learned first). He named in Spanish spontaneously as well. After injection of the left ICA the patient exhibited a global aphasia, with no evidence for differential recovery of language as the aphasia cleared. These observations are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that a language learned later in life may be more likely to be bilaterally represented than the first language learned.     

Palmoplantar keratodermas: clinical and genetic aspects

Palmoplantar keratodermas comprise a diverse group of acquired and hereditary disorders marked by excessive thickening of the epidermis of palms and soles. Early onset and positive family history suggest a genetic cause. While hereditary forms of palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) may represent the sole or dominant clinical feature, they may also be associated with other ectodermal defects or extracutaneous manifestations. In recent years, much progress has been made in deciphering the genetic basis of PPK, which has led to the emergence of new disorders and syndromes. The elucidation of disease mechanisms has opened new avenues for specific therapies, increasingly sparking interest in this field. Given the high heterogeneity with respect to clinical features, genetic defects, and disease mechanisms, the classification of PPK is based on various criteria. These include extent of disease manifestations, morphology of palmoplantar skin involvement, inheritance patterns, and molecular pathogenesis. Though not always feasible, the clinical distinction of various PPK entities is based on fine‐tuned criteria or clues. Remarkably, apparently distinct disorders have been shown to be allelic, as they are caused by mutations in the same gene. By contrast, similar clinical pictures may result from mutations in different genes. Because of this complexity, mutation analysis is required to determine the precise type of PPK. The best‐defined entities are described in this review.