Prepulse inhibition of the human startle eye blink response by visual food cues

We present a new paradigm to investigate cognitive processing of food cues. The study assessed if pictures of food induce prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle eye blink, and if any such effect is sensitive to food deprivation. In a balanced cross-over design, 16 healthy male volunteers (mean age: 29 years) were tested on 2 days 1 week apart, either after a period of normal food intake (NFI) or after a 24 h period of food restriction (RFI). On each experimental day, 80 control and 20 food pictures (slides) were displayed. Noise stimuli were presented 250 ms after slide onset. Startle responses were assessed by EMG recordings of the right M. orbicularis oculi. Startle elicited during dark inter-slide periods served as control responses to calculate PPI effects. The arousing content of each picture was rated by all subjects at the end of the session. The perceived arousal effect of control slides was strongly related to their PPI effect; no impact of food access status on this association was detectable. After NFI, food slides significantly induced PPI of startle (mean: -14.5%). After RFI, arousal ratings for food pictures increased but PPI did not. These results are evidence for a pre-attentive mechanism operative in the processing of visual food cues.     

Spatial distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes in air over the Great Lakes and air-water gas exchange in Lake Ontario

High-volume air samples were collected during research cruises of Lake Superior in August 1996 and May 1997 and of Lake Ontario (North America) in July and September 1998 and June 2000 and analyzed for polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). Levels of tetra- to octachloronaphthalene (sigmaPCN) varied spatially, with mean values (+/-SD) of 1.78 +/- 0.74 and 1.46 +/- 1.07 pg m(-3) for Lake Superior in 1996 and 1997, respectively, and of 5.53 +/- 2.19 and 5.60 +/- 2.24 pg m(-3) for Lake Ontario in 1998 and 2000, respectively. Evaporative sources were predominant, although combustion marker congeners such as tetrachloronaphthalenes 44 and 29 and pentachloronaphthalene 54 were present in most samples and were enhanced relative to technical PCN mixtures. The sigmaPCN concentrations were higher in Lake Ontario samples collected in the western half of the lake and when winds were from the west. Greater proportions of the population and industrial areas are located around the western part of Lake Ontario. Water-air fugacity ratios, calculated from air and water samples collected in June 2000, indicate that the trichloronaphthalenes are volatilizing from Lake Ontario, whereas the tetrachloronaphthalenes are close to equilibrium and the net deposition of tetrachloronaphthalenes can occur when the urban air plume influences levels over the lake.     

Why do WIC participants fail to pick up their checks? An urban study in the wake of welfare reform

OBJECTIVES: This study explored whether work or immigration concerns affect women's participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). METHODS: The sample included women who had withdrawn from the WIC program and current WIC clients from 1 center in New York City. Logistic regression analyses were used to predict noncollection of checks; demographic characteristics, program participation, and problems with the WIC program were independent variables. RESULTS: Strong predictors of noncollection of checks were job conflicts, transportation or illness problems, and WIC receipt by the woman herself (rather than by her children). CONCLUSIONS: Employment conflicts were related to failure to pick up WIC checks; immigration concerns were not. As a means of enhancing WIC participation, flexibility is recommended in terms of center hours, locations, and staffing and program check distribution policies.     

Declining trends in work-related morbidity and disability, 1993-1998: a comparison of survey estimates and compensation insurance claims

OBJECTIVES: This study compared trends in the incidence of work-related morbidity and disability across 3 sources of surveillance data in a Canadian province. METHODS: Time series estimates of workplace injuries and work-related disability based on 2 panel surveys in the province of Ontario, Canada, for the period 1993-1998 were compared with rates of work-related injury and illness compensation claims during the same period. RESULTS: Lost-time compensation claims declined by 28.8% over this 6-year period. The incidence of self-reported work-related injury declined by 28.2%, and the self-reported incidence of work absence for work-related causes declined by 32.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Parallel reductions in work-related morbidity were seen in 3 independent data sources. These results support an interpretation that there has been an important reduction in injury risk in Ontario workplaces over the past decade.     

Antibiotic microspheres: preliminary testing for potential treatment of osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is a difficult problem for orthopaedic surgeons. The current standard of treatment requires high doses of antibiotic to be administered parenterally, which can damage vital organs. A local drug delivery system, which targets only the infected tissues, would eliminate some of the complications associated with extended courses of parenteral antibiotic treatment. In the current study, biodegradable microspheres were manufactured from a high molecular weight copolymer of 50% lactic and 50% glycolic acid and the antibiotic tobramycin. Various formulations of microspheres were tested for in vitro elution characteristics to determine the optimum formulation for linear release of antibiotic for at least 4 weeks. The optimal formulation then was implanted into a pouch created in the quadriceps muscle of mice to evaluate the in vivo elution of the antibiotic and the inflammatory response elicited by the microspheres. Results indicate that a sustained linear release of antibiotic from the microspheres is possible for a period of at least 4 weeks and that the inflammatory response was within levels required for the microspheres to be considered biocompatible.     

The tibialis anterior used as a local muscle flap over the tibia after soft tissue loss

BACKGROUND: A series of 12 extremities among 11 patients with open wounds exposing the tibia were treated using a local tibialis anterior muscle flap. There was an associated tibial shaft fracture in 11 of the 12 extremities, which were managed by external fixation or intramedullary nailing. The wounds, ranging from 1 to 15 cm in length, were located anteriorly over the middle and distal thirds of the tibia. METHODS: A retrospective chart review included patients whose open anterior tibial wounds were managed with an anterior tibialis rotational flap. These patients had been treated at the Medical College of Ohio between 1995 and 1999. No patients were excluded, and all the patients had at least 1 year of follow-up evaluation. RESULTS: Complete coverage was obtained in all cases. All the wounds healed without complication. All the associated tibial shaft fractures had a delayed union or nonunion, with 10 of the 11 requiring bone graft or an exchange intramedullary nail. CONCLUSION: The anterior tibialis is a relatively easy flap to use for covering anterior tibial open wounds. The high rate of nonunion seems related more to the injury than to the coverage technique.