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M S Saag W G Powderly G A Cloud P Robinson M H Grieco P K Sharkey S E Thompson A M Sugar C U Tuazon J F Fisher 《The New England journal of medicine》1992,326(2):83-89
BACKGROUND. Intravenous amphotericin B, with or without flucytosine, is usually standard therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Fluconazole, an oral triazole agent, represents a promising new approach to the treatment of cryptococcal disease. METHODS. In a randomized multicenter trial, we compared intravenous amphotericin B with oral fluconazole as primary therapy for AIDS-associated acute cryptococcal meningitis. Eligible patients, in all of whom the diagnosis had been confirmed by culture, were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive either fluconazole (200 mg per day) or amphotericin B. Treatment was considered successful if the patient had had two consecutive negative cerebrospinal fluid cultures by the end of the 10-week treatment period. RESULTS. Of the 194 eligible patients, 131 received fluconazole and 63 received amphotericin B (mean daily dose, 0.4 mg per kilogram of body weight in patients with successful treatment and 0.5 mg per kilogram in patients with treatment failure; P = 0.34). Treatment was successful in 25 of the 63 amphotericin B recipients (40 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 26 percent to 53 percent) and in 44 of the 131 fluconazole recipients (34 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 25 percent to 42 percent) (P = 0.40). There was no significant difference between the groups in overall mortality due to cryptococcosis (amphotericin vs. fluconazole, 9 of 63 [14 percent] vs. 24 of 131 [18 percent]; P = 0.48); however, mortality during the first two weeks of therapy was higher in the fluconazole group (15 percent vs. 8 percent; P = 0.25). The median length of time to the first negative cerebrospinal fluid culture was 42 days (95 percent confidence interval, 28 to 71) in the amphotericin B group and 64 days (95 percent confidence interval, 53 to 67) in the fluconazole group (P = 0.25). Multivariate analyses identified abnormal mental status (lethargy, somnolence, or obtundation) as the most important predictive factor of a high risk of death during therapy (P less than 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS. Fluconazole is an effective alternative to amphotericin B as primary treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Single-drug therapy with either drug is most effective in patients who are at low risk for treatment failure. The optimal therapy for patients at high risk remains to be determined. 相似文献
3.
A prospective study of infants born to women seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. HIV Infection in Newborns French Collaborative Study Group 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
S Blanche C Rouzioux M L Moscato F Veber M J Mayaux C Jacomet J Tricoire A Deville M Vial G Firtion 《The New England journal of medicine》1989,320(25):1643-1648
Assessment of the risks of transmission of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from mother to newborn is difficult, partly because of the persistence for up to a year of maternal antibodies transmitted passively to the infant. To determine the frequency of perinatal transmission of HIV infection, we studied from birth 308 infants born to seropositive women, 62 percent of whom were intravenous drug abusers. Of 117 infants evaluated 18 months after birth, 32 (27 percent) were seropositive for HIV or had died of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (n = 6); of the 32, only 2 remained asymptomatic. Another 76 infants (65 percent) were seronegative and free of symptoms, whereas 9 (8 percent) were seronegative but had symptoms suggestive of HIV-1 infection. The infants infected with HIV-1 did not differ from the others at birth with respect to weight, height, head circumference, or rate of malformations, but as compared with newborns who were seronegative at 18 months, their serum IgM levels were higher (78 +/- 81 mg per deciliter vs. 38 +/- 39 mg per deciliter; P less than 0.03) and their CD4 lymphocyte counts were lower (2054 +/- 1221 per cubic millimeter vs. 2901 +/- 1195 per cubic millimeter; P less than 0.006). Neither maternal risk factors nor the route of delivery was a predictor of seropositivity at 18 months; however, 5 of the 6 infants who were breast-fed became seropositive, as compared with 25 of 99 who were not (P less than 0.01). We conclude that approximately one third of the infants born to seropositive mothers will have evidence of HIV-1 infection or of AIDS by the age of 18 months, and that about one fifth of this group will have died. 相似文献
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5.
Equils O Deville JG Shapiro AM Sanchez CP 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》1999,13(9):771-772
A 19-year-old female on chronic peritoneal dialysis developed acute peritonitis; multiple peritoneal fluid and catheter tip
cultures yielded Penicillium species. She promptly responded to catheter removal and intravenous amphotericin B, followed by oral fluconazole, without
further recurrences 1 year later. This is the first reported case of Penicillium peritonitis in the pediatric population. We review the microbiology and clinical spectrum of this disease, as well as the
few previous reported cases in adults.
Received: 2 November 1998 / Revised: 1 February 1999 / Accepted: 4 February 1999 相似文献
6.
A Cohort Study of Anticholinergic Medication Burden and Incident Dementia and Stroke in Older Adults
Jessica E. Lockery Jonathan C. Broder Joanne Ryan Ashley C. Stewart Robyn L. Woods Trevor T.-J. Chong Geoffrey C. Cloud Anne Murray Jason D. Rigby Raj Shah Elsdon Storey Stephanie A. Ward Rory Wolfe Christopher M. Reid Taya A. Collyer Michael E. Ernst 《Journal of general internal medicine》2021,36(6):1629
BackgroundAnticholinergic medications may increase risk of dementia and stroke, but prospective studies in healthy older people are lacking.ObjectiveCompare risk of incident dementia and stroke by anticholinergic burden among initially healthy older people.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingPrimary care (Australia and USA).Participants19,114 community-dwelling participants recruited for the ASPREE trial, aged 70+ years (65+ if US minorities) without major cardiovascular disease, dementia diagnosis, or Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score below 78/100.MeasurementsBaseline anticholinergic exposure was calculated using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) score. Dementia was adjudicated using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders volume IV criteria, and stroke using the World Health Organization definition.ResultsAt baseline, 15,000 participants (79%) had an ACB score of zero, 2930 (15%) a score of 1–2, and 1184 (6%) a score of ≥ 3 (indicating higher burden). After a median follow-up of 4.7 years and adjusting for baseline covariates, a baseline ACB score of ≥ 3 was associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke (adjusted HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.06, 2.35), or dementia (adjusted HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.01, 1.82), especially of mixed etiology (adjusted HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.06, 2.21). Results were similar for those exposed to moderate/highly anticholinergic medications.LimitationsResidual confounding and reverse causality are possible. Assessment of dose or duration was not possible.ConclusionsHigh anticholinergic burden in initially healthy older people was associated with increased risk of incident dementia and ischemic stroke. A vascular effect may underlie this association. These findings highlight the importance of minimizing anticholinergic exposure in healthy older people.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11606-020-06550-2.KEY WORDS: anticholinergic burden, dementia, stroke, potentially inappropriate medication 相似文献
7.
C1 Inhibitor in Acute Antibody‐Mediated Rejection Nonresponsive to Conventional Therapy in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Pilot Study 下载免费PDF全文
A. Loupy L. Deville J. Verine A. Zeevi D. Glotz C. Lefaucheur 《American journal of transplantation》2016,16(5):1596-1603
Complement inhibitors have not been thoroughly evaluated in the treatment of acute antibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR). We performed a prospective, single‐arm pilot study to investigate the potential effects and safety of C1 inhibitor (C1‐INH) Berinert added to high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for the treatment of acute ABMR that is nonresponsive to conventional therapy. Kidney recipients with nonresponsive active ABMR and acute allograft dysfunction were enrolled between April 2013 and July 2014 and received C1‐INH and IVIG for 6 months (six patients). The primary end point was the change in eGFR at 6 months after inclusion (M+6). Secondary end points included the changes in histology and DSA characteristics and adverse events as evaluated at M+6. All patients showed an improvement in eGFR between inclusion and M+6: from 38.7 ± 17.9 to 45.2 ± 21.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 (p = 0.0277). There was no change in histological features, except a decrease in the C4d deposition rate from 5/6 to 1/6 (p = 0.0455). There was a change in DSA C1q status from 6/6 to 1/6 positive (p = 0.0253). One deep venous thrombosis was observed. In a secondary analysis, C1‐INH patients were compared with a similar historical control group (21 patients). C1‐INH added to IVIG is safe and may improve allograft function in kidney recipients with nonresponsive acute ABMR. 相似文献
8.
Comparison of Nizatidine and Cimetidine as Once-Nightly Treatment of Acute Duodenal Ulcer 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jay A. Cherner M.D. F.A.C.G. Michelle L. Cloud M.D. Walter W. Offen Ph.D Jane E. Lalz B.S. the Nizatidine Multicenter Duodenal Ulcer Study Group 《The American journal of gastroenterology》1989,84(7):769-774
Nizatidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist for the treatment of duodenal ulcer disease, was compared with cimetidine in an 8-wk, randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either nizatidine 300 mg h.s. or cimetidine 800 mg h.s. Patients were treated for 8 wk, regardless of the healing status of their ulcers. An endoscopy was performed at Wk 2, 4, and 8. Healing rates with nizatidine 300 mg h.s. were numerically, but not statistically significantly, superior to those with cimetidine 800 mg h.s. at each treatment period. Ulcer healing rates at Wk 2, 4, and 8 were 41% (78/191), 73% (130/179), and 81% (145/179) for nizatidine and 33% (60/184), 67% (116/174), and 75% (126/168) for cimetidine, respectively. Symptoms of peptic ulcer disease were similarly reduced at each treatment period by nizatidine and cimetidine. Patients with healed ulcers at either Wk 2 or Wk 4 were continued on therapy and an endoscopy was performed at Wk 8. Ulcer recurrence occurred in 10% of nizatidine-treated and 19% of cimetidine-treated patients at Wk 8 (p = 0.085). The observation of recurrence of duodenal ulcer while patients were receiving full-dose H2-receptor antagonist therapy has not been reported previously. 相似文献
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10.
Invasive Fungal Infections in Low-Risk Liver Transplant Recipients: A Multi-Center Prospective Observational Study 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
P. G. Pappas D. Andes M. Schuster S. Hadley J. Rabkin R. M. Merion C. A. Kauffman C. Huckabee G. A. Cloud W. E. Dismukes A. W. Karchmer 《American journal of transplantation》2006,6(2):386-391
Prevention of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipients utilizing postoperative systemic antifungal prophylaxis, typically with fluconazole, is justified among those at high risk for IFI. Use of postoperative antifungal prophylaxis for low-risk OLT recipients is widely practiced but not universally accepted nor supported by data. We conducted a prospective observational study among 200 OLT recipients who were at low risk for IFI and did not receive postoperative antifungal prophylaxis. Patients were considered low risk if they had =1 of the following conditions: choledochojejunostomy anastomosis; retransplantation; intra-operative administration of >/=units of 40 blood products or return to the operating room for intra-abdominal bleeding; return to the operating room for anastomotic leak or vascular insufficiency; preoperative serum creatinine of >/=2 mg/dL; and perioperative Candida colonization. Patients were followed 100 d post-transplantation for evidence of IFI. Of 193 eligible patients, 7 (4%) developed an IFI. Three (2%) IFIs were due to Candida spp. and potentially preventable by standard fluconazole prophylaxis. Three patients developed invasive aspergillosis; one developed late onset disseminated cryptococcosis. Liver transplant recipients at low risk for IFI can be identified utilizing pre-determined criteria, and post-transplantation antifungal prophylaxis can be routinely withheld in these patients. 相似文献