Risks of AKI and Major Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or Coronavirus Disease 2019

BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are closely related. The effect of AKI on the clinical outcomes of these two conditions is unclear.MethodsThis retrospective, territory-wide cohort study used an electronic public healthcare database in Hong Kong to identify patients with SARS or COVID-19 by diagnosis codes, virologic results, or both. The primary endpoint was a composite of intensive care unit admission, use of invasive mechanical ventilation, and/or death.ResultsWe identified 1670 patients with SARS and 1040 patients with COVID-19 (median ages, 41 versus 35 years, respectively). Among patients with SARS, 26% met the primary endpoint versus 5.3% of those with COVID-19. Diabetes mellitus, abnormal liver function, and AKI were factors significantly associated with the primary endpoint among patients with either SARS or COVID-19. Among patients with SARS, 7.9%, 2.1%, and 3.7% developed stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 AKI, respectively; among those with COVID-19, 6.6%, 0.4%, and 1.1% developed stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 AKI, respectively. In both groups, factors significantly associated with AKI included diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Among patients with AKI, those with COVID-19 had a lower rate of major adverse clinical outcomes versus patients with SARS. Renal function recovery usually occurred within 30 days after an initial AKI event.ConclusionsAKI rates were higher among patients with SARS than those with COVID-19. AKI was associated with major adverse clinical outcomes for both diseases. Patients with diabetes mellitus and abnormal liver function were also at risk of developing severe consequences after SARS and COVID-19 infection.     

Association between lymphovascular invasion and oncological outcome in node-negative upper tract urothelial carcinoma with different stage

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prognostic impact of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) on node-negative upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU).Materials and methodsA retrospective study was performed in single tertiary referral center of middle Taiwan between 2001 and 2015. Seven hundred and twenty-eight patients were diagnosed of UTUC and underwent RNU with ipsilateral bladder cuff excision including 303 and 195 patients with N0 and Nx status respectively. LVI status was assessed as a prognostic factor for cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis.ResultsLVI was observed in 82 patients (16.5%). LVI presentation associated with smoking status, advanced tumor stage, high tumor grade, positive surgical margin, and consequence lung/liver/bone metastasis. In the multivariate analysis, LVI was failed to predict CSS, OS, and disease-free survival (DFS) (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 [0.55–2.09], 1.05 [0.62–1.79], 1.15 [0.69–1.92], in CSS, OS, DFS, respectively). In the subgroup analysis of pT1-2 disease, the CSS, OS, and DFS were associated with LVI status (HR [95% CI]: 2.29 [0.44–11.84], 3.17 [1.16–8.67], 2.66 [1.04–6.79], in CSS, OS, DFS, respectively). In contrast, there was no difference in pT3 disease.ConclusionIn conclusion, LVI status was not associated with survival outcomes of node-negative UTUC in our study. The subgroup analysis showed different prognostic impacts of LVI status in node-negative UTUC with T1-2 and T3 stage. Further evidence to clarify the prognostic effect is needed to make LVI became a practical factor in clinical decision-making.     

Retrospective study of functional outcomes and disability after non-ischaemic vascular causes of spinal cord dysfunction

Objective: Describe demographic characteristics, functional outcomes and disability following rehabilitation for non-ischemic vascular spinal cord dysfunction (SCDys).Design: Retrospective, open cohort, case series.Setting: Tertiary rehabilitation unit, Victoria, Australia.Participants: Patients with non-ischemic vascular SCDys admitted over a 21-year-period (01/01/1995–31/12/2015) were identified using International Classification of Diseases codes.Outcome Measures: Demographic characteristics, etiology, neurologic classification, length of stay (LOS), and complications. On admission and discharge, the following were collected: functional independence measure (FIM) motor subscale, details on bowel, bladder, mobility, living arrangement, and support services.Results: 36 patients (female 58%; mean age 69 ± 16 years) were identified. The main causes of non-ischemic vascular SCDys were epidural hematoma (39%), dural arteriovenous fistula (17%), and arteriovenous malformation (11%). 22 cases (61%) were iatrogenic. Most (86%) had incomplete paraplegia. Urinary tract infection was the most common complication (64%). Median LOS in rehabilitation was 68 days. Significant improvement in FIM motor scores was observed from admission (median 25, interquartile range [IQR] 20–38) to discharge (median 69, IQR 38–77) (P < 0.001). On discharge, 4 patients (11%) walked >100 m unaided, 6 (17%) walked >100 m with assistive device, 10 (28%) walked >10 m with assistive device, 15 (41%) were wheelchair dependent and 1 (3%) patient remained non-mobile. 20 patients (56%) were discharged home, 8 (22%) to nursing home, and 8 (22%) transferred to another hospital.Conclusion: Most patients returned home with significantly improved functional outcomes compared to rehabilitation admission, but with the majority having ongoing major disabilities based on FIM motor scores.     

Liver transplantation: would it be the best and last chance of cure for hepatocellular carcinoma with major venous invasion?

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumour thrombus (PVTT) signifies advanced disease, whether LT confers any survival superiority over resection remains uncertain.MethodsA propensity score matched (PSM) analysis of liver transplantation (LT) and liver resection (LR) for HCC with PVTT was performed.ResultsA consecutive series of 88 patients who received either LT (10 DDLTs and 3 LDLTs) or LR (n=75) respectively were recruited. Before PSM, the LT group has a higher MELD score (17.3 vs. 7.8, P<0.001), lower serum AFP levels (96 vs. 2,164 ng/mL, P=0.017) and smaller tumour size (4 vs. 10 cm, P<0.001). The 5-year overall survival for LT and LR were 55.4% and 15.9% respectively (P=0.007). After matching for serum AFP levels and tumour size, 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival for LT were 81 ng/mL, 3.9 cm, 80%, 70% and 70% and the corresponding rates for LR were 1,417 ng/mL, 5.3 cm, 51.8%, 19,6% and 9.8% (P value =0.12, 0.27 and 0.009 respectively).ConclusionsLT is associated with significantly better oncological outcomes in HCC patients with PVTT involving the lobar or segmental level. A modest expansion of selection criteria to include small HCC with segmental PVTT should be considered.     

Detection of Adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity in cultured heart cells with technetium 99m-SESTAMIBI

Adriamycin, a broad-spectrum cytotoxic agent useful in cancer chemotherapy, is limited by a dose-dependent cardiomyopathy mediated in part by disruption of mitochondrial energetics. Hexakis(2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile)technetium(I)(^99mTc-SESTAMIBI) is a gammaemitting radiopharmaceutical with myocellular accumulation properties dependent on mitochondrial membrane potential. To test the hypothesis that^99mTc-SESTAMIBI could monitor Adriamycin-induced alterations in cardiac energetics, cultured chick heart cells were treated with Adriamycin and^99mTc-SESTAMIBI tracer kinetics were determined. Concentration- and time-dependent depression of^99mTc-SESTAMIBI accumulation was evident within 60 min of treatment. The apparentK _i for acute Adriamycin inhibition of tracer accumulation was 82 M. After 24 h of treatment, Adriamycin concentrations as low as 0.1 M demonstrated detectable inhibitory effects. The apparentK _i for this subchronic Adriamycin inhibition of^99mTc-SESTAMIBI accumulation was 18 M. Subchronic concentration-dependent increases in adriamycin-induced myocellular injury as reflected by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release correlated inversely with decreases in^99mTc-SESTAMIBI accumulation. These data further support a contribution from altered mitochondrial energetics to Adriamycin-induced injury and establish a pharmacological foundation for pursuing the possibility of noninvasive imaging of chronic Adriamycin cardiotoxicity in cancer patients using^99mTc-SESTAMIBI.     

The pharmacological and pathological studies on Taiwan folk medicine (IV): The effects of echinops grijisii and e. Latifolius

The protective effect of "San-fang-feng" derived from the root of Echinops grijsii Hance on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity has been studied. This crude drug was found to possess a marked hepatoprotective effect. A comparison of the protective effect with "Lou-lu" derived from the root of E. latifolius Tausch and "Pei-chai-hu" original Bupleurum chinense showed that E. grijisii and E. latifolius were more effective than B. chinense as reported previously. The results suggested that both E. grijisii and E. latifolius could correct the hepatocyte necrosis and functional disorder induced by the CCl4 treatment.     

Rectal cancer mortality and total hardness levels in Taiwan's drinking water.

The possible association between the risk of rectal cancer and hardness levels in drinking water from municipal supplies was investigated in a matched case-control study in Taiwan. All eligible rectal cancer deaths (986 cases) of Taiwan residents from 1990 through 1994 were compared with deaths from other causes (986 controls), and the hardness levels of the drinking water used by these residents were determined. Data on water hardness throughout Taiwan were collected from Taiwan Water Supply Corporation (TWSC). The control group consisted of people who died from other causes and the controls were pair matched to the cases by sex, year of birth, and year of death. The results show a significant negative relationship between drinking water hardness and rectal cancer mortality. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were 1.24 (1.01-1. 55) and 1.38 (1.10-1.73), respectively, for exposure to moderately hard water and soft water compared with the use of hard water. Trend analyses showed an increasing odds ratio for rectal cancer with decreasing levels of hardness in drinking water. This is an important finding for the Taiwan water industry and human health.     

Effect of magnolol on in vitro mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and isolated cold-preserved warm-reperfused rat livers

BACKGROUND/AIM: A mechanism suggested to cause injury to preserved organs is the generation of oxygen free radicals. Lipid peroxidation is one of the biological damages caused by oxygen free radicals. It is our aim to investigate whether magnolol, a strong antioxidant, suppresses the generation of oxygen free radicals and improves the viability of cold-preserved warm-reperfused rat livers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro lipid peroxidation was induced in rat hepatic mitochondria with ADP and FeSO4. The inhibitory effect of magnolol on lipid peroxidation was measured with oxygen consumption and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. Subsequently, we preserved and reperfused rat livers in preservation solutions that contained magnolol. The hepatic enzymes and liver MDA were measured to assess the protective effect of magnolol on isolated rat livers. RESULTS: In rat hepatic mitochondria, magnolol was 470 times more potent than alpha-tocopherol in inhibiting oxygen consumption and 340 times more potent than alpha-tocopherol in inhibiting MDA formation. Addition of magnolol to Ringer's lactate solution had a protective effect, in terms of MDA formation and leakage of hepatic enzymes, on warm-reperfused but not cold-stored liver tissue. Addition of magnolol to University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, a widely used preservation solution, did not modify the effect of this solution on isolated liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that magnolol is an effective antioxidant and suppresses lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria and can be used as a rinsing solution in protecting transplanted organs from lipid peroxidation during reperfusion, especially for those organs not preserved with UW solution.