The leftward deletion alpha-thal-2 haplotype in a black subject with hemoglobin SS

We have identified a black individual with homozygous sickle cell anemia who is the silent carrier of alpha-thalassemia (genotype - alpha/alpha alpha) due to heterozygosity for the leftward deletion alpha-thal-2 haplotype. This deletion has not been described previously in a black subject and is the only leftward deletion that we have found among 255 alpha-thal-2 chromosomes from sickle cell subjects. Its effects on the clinical, hematologic, biosynthetic, and cellular pathology of sickle cell anemia resemble those reported for the common alpha-thalassemia genotypes of the black population.     

Terminal differentiation surface antigens of myelomonocytic cells are expressed in human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL60) treated with chemical inducers

The expression of two surface antigens present on the cell membrane of both human granulocytes and monocytes was studied during the process of myelomonocytic differentiation using two monoclonal antibodies (B9.8.1 and B13.4.1). These surface antigens are not present on immature myeloid cells nor on nonmyeloid hematopoietic cells, but can be detected when the cells are terminally differentiated. Among the bone marrow cells, B13.4.1 binds to metamyelocytes and B9.8.1 to metamyelocytes and a fraction (30%) of myelocytes. HL60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells did not react with such monoclonal antibodies. However, when such cells were induced to differentiate in vitro into mature myeloid elements by treatment with retinoic acid or dimethyl sulfoxide, 70%--90% of the differentiated cells expressed both surface antigens. Cell sorting studies on these treated HL60 cells indicated that myelocytes and metamyelocytes were the most immature cells expressing such markers. Expression of the two surface antigens was also observed when HL60 cells were induced to differentiate into monocyte/macrophage cells by treatment with the tumor promoter 12-O- tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Thus, human promyelocytic leukemia cells induced to differentiate in vitro by treatment with specific chemical agents express membrane antigens in the same pattern as normal bone marrow myeloid cells at the corresponding stage of differentiation.     

Eosinophils stimulate fibroblast DNA synthesis

Fibrosis complicates a number of chronic inflammatory diseases and occurs in some conditions following chronic hypereosinophilic syndromes. We assessed whether eosinophils might be a source of fibrogenic factors. Extracts of human and guinea pig cell populations enriched for eosinophils contained substances that stimulated tritiated thymidine incorporation by human fibroblasts. Supernatants derived from resting eosinophils and extracts prepared from eosinophil granules also contained fibrogenic factors. Our findings demonstrate a new potential role for eosinophils and suggest a causal relationship between tissue eosinophilia and scar formation in certain parasitic conditions.     

Prostate cancer detection upon transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy in relation to digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen level: what to expect in the Chinese population?

We investigated the prostate cancer detection rates upon transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy in relation to digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and risk factors of prostate cancer detection in the Chinese population. Data from all consecutive Chinese men who underwent first TRUS-guided prostate biopsy from year 2000 to 2013 was retrieved from our database. The prostate cancer detection rates with reference to DRE finding and PSA level of < 4, 4–10, 10.1–20, 20.1–50 and > 50 ng ml⁻¹ were investigated. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate for potential risk factors of prostate cancer detection. A total of 2606 Chinese men were included. In patients with normal DRE, the cancer detection rates were 8.6%, 13.4%, 21.8%, 41.7% and 85.2% in patients with PSA < 4, 4–10, 10.1–20, 20.1–50 and > 50 ng ml⁻¹ respectively. In patients with abnormal DRE, the cancer detection rates were 12.4%, 30.2%, 52.7%, 80.6% and 96.4% in patients with PSA < 4, 4–10, 10.1–20, 20.1–50 and > 50 ng ml⁻¹ respectively. Older age, smaller prostate volume, larger number of biopsy cores, presence of abnormal DRE finding and higher PSA level were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer detection upon multivariate logistic regression analyses (P < 0.001). Chinese men appeared to have lower prostate cancer detection rates when compared to the Western population. Taking the different risk factors into account, an individualized approach to the decision of TRUS-guided biopsy can be adopted.     

Mental Well‐Being Mediates the Relationship between Perceived Stress and Perceived Health

The association between stress and health has been well researched in the past; however, comparatively few mediators have been tested to understand the underlying mechanism. With increasing awareness on mental well‐being, this study evaluated the relationship between perceived stress and perceived health and examined mental well‐being as a mediator. Two‐hundred undergraduates aged 21 to 26 years completed the English Perceived Stress Scale, Health Status Questionnaire and Asian Mental Well‐Being Scale that assess perceived stress, perceived health and mental well‐being, respectively. Factor analysis and structural equation modelling on the Perceived Stress Scale replicated the reported two‐factor structure after excluding an insignificant item. Linear multiple regression analyses indicated that perceived stress was negatively associated with perceived health. Results showed that mental well‐being partially mediated the relationship between perceived stress and perceived health, although it is acknowledged that this association could be bidirectional. Findings from the present study suggest that future research could focus on reducing stress and improving mental well‐being to alleviate the effect of stress on health. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.