视网膜母细胞瘤的遗传学特征及临床筛查与治疗

视网膜母细胞瘤(RB)是儿童最常见的眼内恶性肿瘤,多发于婴幼儿,可损害患儿视力、眼球,甚至危及生命。其发生和发展与基因组和表观基因组有很大关系,遗传性RB占所有病例的45%。RB的治疗和预后取决于疾病的初始阶段,当疾病被早期诊断和治疗时,存活率超过95%,当RB在晚期发生眼外播散时,存活率低于50%。因此RB的治疗重点是通过早期肿瘤的监测和预防挽救患儿生命,其次要目标是保存眼球,并最大水平地保留视力。对RB遗传学的研究有助于通过基因筛查、监测查找特异性靶点,对提高患儿的生存率、研究RB靶向治疗十分必要。     

激素治疗脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离的研究现状

糖皮质激素作为脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离手术前后的辅助治疗药物,其控制炎症、改善脉络膜脱离效果明显,为手术的开展创造良好的条件,但其对术后视网膜复位率和视功能改善的作用眼科学者各持己见。关于术前激素使用与否、使用时间和使用方式,眼科界一直存在争议。本文将对相关知识进行综述,以期为临床治疗提供更加准确、可行的参考依据。     

可视化角膜生物力学分析仪评价FS-LASIK、SBK、LASEK术后生物力学变化

目的：研究3种角膜屈光手术在手术前后角膜生物力学的变化及不同术式间的差异。方法：前瞻性研究。对2016年2-4月南京医科大学附属南京医院眼科行准分子激光手术的患者64例（125眼）手术前后的角膜生物力学参数进行分析,其中55眼行飞秒激光制瓣准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（FS-LASIK）,47 眼行准分子激光前弹力层下角膜磨镶术（SBK）,23眼行准分子激光上皮下角膜磨镶术（LASEK）。应用可视化角膜生物力学仪（CST）对患者进行测量,选取其中第一压平时间（AT1）、第二压平速度（Vout）、最大压陷曲率半径（HC-radius）、最大压陷幅度（DA）、眼压（IOP）进行分析。术后1 d、1 周、3 个月进行随访。采用单因素方差分析、Pearson相关分析、配对t检验进行数据分析。结果：FS-LASIK组中各项生物力学参数与中央角膜厚度（CCT）（ AT1：r=0.455,P<0.001;Vout：r=-0.286,P=0.034;HC-radius：r=0.357,P=0.007;DA：r=-0.341,P=0.011;IOP：r=0.436,P=0.001）、角膜剩余基质床厚度（RST）（ AT1 r=0.563,P<0.001;Vout：r=-0.417,P=0.007;HC-radius：r=0.552,P<0.001;DA：r=-0.395,P=0.012;IOP：r=0.516,P<0.001）、最大切削深度（AD）（ AT1：r=-0.721,P<0.001;Vout：r=0.466,P=0.002;HC-radius：r=-0.407,P=0.009;DA：r=0.596, P<0.001;IOP：r=-0.612,P<0.001）均有较强相关性。SBK组中各项生物力学参数均与CCT（AT1：r=0.364,P=0.012;Vout：r=0.408,P=0.004;HC-radius：r=0.326,P=0.025;DA：r=-0.362,P=0.012;IOP：r=0.387,P=0.007）有较强的相关性。LASEK组中仅AT1（r=0.625,P=0.001）、IOP（r=0.624,P=0.001）与CCT有相关性。3 组的AT1、HC-radius、IOP和CCT较术前均减小（均P<0.05）,Vout、DA较术前均增加（均P<0.05）。3组间比较,术后1 周时FS-LASIK组的AT1、IOP值明显大于LASEK组（AT1：F=7.313,P=0.001;IOP：F=4.979,P=0.009）,Vout和DA值明显小于LASEK组（Vout：F=3.420,P=0.038;DA：F=9.024,P<0.001）,SBK组的各项参数值位于2 组之间,与FS-LASIK组差异无统计学意义;术后3 个月时,3 组间差异无统计学意义。结论：在角膜厚度足够时,3 种手术方式均能安全可靠地矫正近视。FS-LASIK由于飞秒激光切削的精确性和优越性,术后能够更快恢复生物力学的稳定性。LASEK的生物力学变化与剩余基质床厚度和切削深度的相关性较低,在患者近视度数较高,角膜相对较薄时,可以优先考虑该术式。     

国产外源性肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿重症感染性肺炎多中心前瞻性临床研究

目的 研究国产外源性肺表面活性物质（珂立苏）对新生儿重症感染性肺炎的治疗效果。方法 研究对象为来自中国5家医院的208例重症感染性肺炎新生儿,在入院时根据家长意愿给予常规治疗（对照组,81例）和珂立苏治疗+常规治疗（珂立苏组,127例）,比较两组患儿入院时对氧的依赖程度、治疗前后动脉血气分析结果及肺脏超声表现的变化、机械通气时间、住院时间、住院费用、并发症及预后等。结果 入院时珂立苏组吸入氧浓度明显高于对照组,动脉血氧分压明显低于对照组,二氧化碳分压明显高于对照组,氧合指数明显低于对照组（P < 0.01）。治疗1 h后,两组患儿动脉血气和氧合状态均得到改善,且珂立苏组改善状况显著优于对照组（P < 0.05）。补充珂立苏后4~6 h,患儿肺部实变程度显著减轻。与对照组比较,珂立苏组机械通气时间、住院时间均明显缩短,而两组患儿并发症发生率差异无统计学意义,预后均良好。结论 珂立苏治疗能显著改善新生儿重症感染性肺炎患儿的氧合状态,减轻肺实变程度,缩短患儿机械通气时间和住院时间,值得临床推广应用。     

A Survey on Intelligent Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of vision loss and can be effectively avoided by screening, early diagnosis and treatment. In order to increase the universality and efficiency of DR screening, many efforts have been invested in developing intelligent screening, and there have been great advances. In this paper, we survey DR screening from four perspectives: 1) public color fundus image datasets of DR; 2) DR classification and related lesion-extraction approaches; 3) existing computer-aided systems for DR screening; and 4) existing issues, challenges, and research trends. Our goal is to provide insights for future research directions on DR intelligent screening.     

The disease characteristics of patients both with IgA nephropathy and diabetes mellitus

Objective To sum up and analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics in patients with both IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and diabetes mellitus. Methods A total of 500 patients were recruited, including 25 patients with both IgAN and diabetes mellitus, and 475 patients with IgAN only, who were diagnosed by renal-biopsy during Jan 2015 to Jan 2017 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. The clinical and pathological data were collected and analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Propensity Score Matching was used to match and select the patients in the both groups, and thereafter the depth of the basement membrane from the matched patients were compared using electron microscopy. The data of the patients whose follow-up time was ≥3 months were retrospectively collected, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the difference of the prognosis. Results Compared to the patients with IgAN only, patients with both IgAN and diabetes mellitus were older [(46.36±13.49) years vs (34.00±13.80) years, P＜0.001], had higher level of serum triglyceride [2.06(1.52, 3.11) mmol/L vs 1.51(1.01, 2.25) mmol/L, P=0.012] and thicker basement membrane [(384.33±61.20) nm vs (346.72±52.65) nm, P=0.044]. The patients with both IgAN and diabetes mellitus were more prone to reach the composite endpoint [4/7(57.14%) vs 25/265(9.33%), P＜0.001] and had worse prognosis (Log-Rank test, P=0.004). Conclusions IgAN patients with diabetes mellitus have different clinical, pathological characteristics and prognosis from patients with IgAN alone. These patients need to be closely monitored and actively treated.     

NDM-1 encoded by a pNDM-HN380-like plasmid pNDM-BJ03 in clinical Enterobacter cloacae

A carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae hhy03 with a bla_NDM-1 and bla_SHV-12-coharboring plasmid was isolated from a sputum specimen of a patient. This is the third nucleotide sequence report of bla_NDM-1-harboring plasmid from Enterobacter cloacae that have caused lethal infections in China, indicating the spread of NDM-1 by IncX3 plasmid between Enterobacteriaceae.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma after kidney transplantation: analysis of Hong Kong Renal Registry

Kidney transplant recipients have increased risk of cancers when compared with the general population. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is extremely important in Asia where hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic. The aim is to study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of all de novo HCC in our kidney transplant recipients. Moreover, various preventive strategies which may help to optimize the outcome will also be discussed. A retrospective review of all patients who developed HCC after kidney transplantation between May 1972 and December 2011 in Hong Kong, based on the data from Hong Kong Renal Registry. After a follow-up period of 40,246 person-years, 20 patients (males 15: females 5) developed HCC. The annual incidence was 49.7/100,000 persons per year. Among them, 16 were HBV carriers, 2 were hepatitis C (HCV) carriers and 2 had HBV and HCV co-infection. Presence of HBV infection was associated with 78-fold higher risk for HCC development. Majority (85%) were asymptomatic when HCC was diagnosed by ultrasound or alpha-fetoprotein surveillance. All patients diagnosed by surveillance received active treatment while 2/3 of symptomatic patients could only receive symptomatic care and died rapidly. In conclusion, HBV infection is the major etiological factor for HCC development in kidney transplant recipients in HBV endemic areas. Regular HCC surveillance appeared to be able to detect early stage cancers which are amenable to treatment and offer the best hope of cure.