煤烟型大气污染对儿童肺功能的影响

为观察煤烟型大气污染对儿童健康的影响 ,选择了太原市 3个污染程度不同地区的 45 0名儿童进行肺功能测试和问卷调查。研究结果显示 ,儿童呼吸功能表现为重度污染区 <中度污染区 <相对清洁区 ;肺通气功能阻塞性异常率表现为重度污染区 >中度污染区 >相对清洁区 ;Logistic回归分析发现肺通气功能阻塞性异常率与小学生家庭的取暖方式、厨房和卧室是否分开以及污染物的水平有关 ;多元线性回归分析显示重度污染区儿童的FVC、FEF5 0与相对清洁区相比分别减少了 65 80ml、119 2 7ml,中度污染区儿童的FVC、FEF5 0与相对清洁区相比分别减少了 5 7 2 8ml和 114 2 9ml;Ln(SO2 )每升高一个单位 ,FVC和FEF5 0分别减少69 10ml和 119 79ml,Ln(PM1 0 )每升高一个单位 ,FVC、FEF5 0等分别减少了 193 5 0ml和 171 69ml。结果提示 ,太原市煤烟型大气污染对儿童呼吸系统产生了危害。     

A study comparing biopharmaceutic characteristics of four once daily controlled release diltiazem preparations

Summary— In the present study we have compared the steady state biopharmaceutic characteristics of four diltiazem once daily controlled release capsules: Mono-Tildiem LP 300® (300 mg), Adizem® XL (300 mg)¹, Cardizem® (300 mg) and Dilacor® (240 mg). Sixteen healthy male volunteers (aged 22.9 ± 3.3 years, range 19–31 years) completed an open label, multiple oral dose, randomized, four-period crossover study without a washout period in between. The volunteers received each diltiazem formulation once daily for four days. Trough diltiazem and metabolites plasma concentrations were determined on days 3 and 4. The 24-h plasma concentration-time profiles were assessed after the dose on day 4 of each period. The following steady state pharmacokinetic parameters for diltiazem were calculated: the minimum plasma concentration (c_min), the maximum plasma concentration (c_max), the time to reach that concentration (t_max), the time interval during which the plasma concentration exceeds 50% of c_max (t₅₀), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC_72–96) and the peak-to-trough fluctuation (PTF). For the metabolites of diltiazem, N-mono-desmethyl-diltiazem (NDM) and desacetyldiltiazem (DAD), AUC_72–96 (AUC_NDM and AUC_DAD) and the ratio metabolite/parent compound were calculated. Steady state was achieved on day 3. Except one, all controlled release formulations have satisfactory controlled release properties allowing once daily administration. However, significant (P < 0.05) differences were found between the pharmacokinetic characteristics which do not allow exchange of the various formulations. Concentrations well below 50 ng·mL^-1 in the morning hours were observed for Dilacor® (240 mg) and Adizem® XL (300 mg), which could be a disadvantage of these formulations as it is well-known that ischaemic events occur at a higher rate during that part of the day. The plasma concentration profiles of NDM and DAD, the major circulating metabolites, parallel the plasma concentration profiles for the parent compound. From a clinical point of view, all treatments were well tolerated.     

Cognitive behaviour therapy approach to disputing automatic thoughts: a two-stage model

Research shows that clients with automatic thoughts (dysfunctional thinking) often do not think of alternative explanations in relation to negative events. Furthermore, these automatic thoughts are characterized by a broad global, self-evaluative and ambiguous nature that could make disputing (or changing the ways they think) the most difficult part of the therapeutic process. This paper proposes a two-stage practise-based disputing model, guided by research, that aims to 'bring' an automatic thought to a specific, objective, quantifiable and concrete level at which not only is the particular aspect(s) of the automatic thought that causes emotional disturbances finely focused, but the disputing is also likely to be effective and manageable. Furthermore, it will also generate alternative explanations that are helpful in reducing emotional disturbances and in facilitating problem solving approach. In this paper, the authors use a case example to discuss the rationale that underpins the conceptualization of the model and to illustrate the process in which the strategies of the model are effectively used.     

Histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of nine endometrial stromal tumors: an unexpected high frequency of keratin protein positivity.

Nine cases of endometrial stromal tumors were examined by light microscopy and a battery of immunostains for diagnostic purposes. Eight of the cases were originally classified as endometrial stromal tumors and one as an epithelioid leiomyoma. Three of six (50%) endometrial stromal sarcomas stained positively for keratin/cytokeratin. All of these same tumors stained for vimentin. One case originally considered an epithelioid leiomyoma on light microscopy was later diagnosed as a uterine tumor with sex cord features following strong positive immunostaining with keratin/cytokeratin antibodies and negative staining with antidesmin. These results show that immunoreactivity for epithelial differentiation may be present in endometrial stromal tumors. The diverse immunostaining patterns of the stromal tumors reflect the probable histogenesis of these neoplasms from primitive totipotential stem cells which may differentiate along epithelial and various mesenchymal cell lines.     

颈椎病前方入路术后恢复不良的原因分析

１９８０年１２月至１９９３年１２月，我科经前方入路治疗颈椎病并获随访１８３例，其中３７例（２０．２％）术后恢复不满意，ＪＯＡ恢复率小于６０％。根据主诉与症状，我们把这些病人分成４组。（１）术后症状立即加重，１年内仍无改善者４例。（２）术后症状无明显改善，１年后仍无进步者１１例。（３）术后症状减轻，但经过一段时间后，原症状又复出现者８例。（４）双下肢症状好转，但又出现新的上肢症状或上肢原症状加重者１４例。结合术后Ｘ线、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ和椎管造影等检查所见，我们将发现的主要问题归纳为手术操作、病情发展演变、原有胸腰椎病和脊髓受压变性等情况。本文对以上发生的问题进行了分析，提出在以后的手术中应特别注意的事项。     

Development of sesquiterpenes from Alpinia oxyphylla as novel skin permeation enhancers.

To improve the drug permeation into and/or across the skin, essential oils extracted from Alpinia oxyphylla (AO) were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo permeation techniques with Wistar rats as the animal model. Hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were the major components in the lower-polarity fraction (AO-1) and higher-polarity fraction (AO-2), respectively. Permeation of indomethacin was significantly enhanced after treatment with AO-1 and AO-2 in the in vitro and in vivo studies. AO-2 generally showed a higher ability to promote drug permeation compared to AO-1. The increment of skin/vehicle partitioning may be the predominant mechanism for this enhancing activity. Both transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and colorimetric evaluation showed limited irritation to skin by AO essential oils at the macroscopic level. Human skin fibroblasts were used to investigate the in vitro screening of skin toxicity. AO-1 slightly increased prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) formation from skin fibroblasts. A striking result was observed with AO-2, which greatly inhibited the release of PGE(2). Moreover, both AO essential oils had no statistically significant effect on PGE(2) release by human lung epithelial cells. The results of this study indicate that skin disruption and inflammation do not necessary correspond to the enhancing efficiency of the enhancers tested.     

Relationship between refractive error and monochromatic aberrations of the eye.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between ametropia and optical aberrations in a population of 200 normal human eyes with refractive errors spanning the range from +5.00 to -10.00 D. METHODS: Using a reduced-eye model of ametropia, we tested the hypothesis that the optical system of the eye is uncorrelated with the degree of ametropia. These predictions were evaluated experimentally with a Shack-Hartmann aberrometer that measured the monochromatic aberrations across the central 6 mm of the dilated pupil in well-corrected, cyclopleged eyes. RESULTS: Optical theory predicted, and control experiments on a model eye verified, that Shack-Hartmann measurements of spherical aberration will vary with axial elongation of the eye even if the dioptric components of the eye are fixed. Contrary to these predictions, spherical aberration was not significantly different from emmetropic eyes. Root mean square of third-order aberrations, fourth-order aberrations, and total higher aberrations (third to 10th) in myopic and hyperopic eyes were also uncorrelated with refractive error. Astigmatic eyes tended to have larger total higher-order aberrations than nonastigmatic eyes. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a reduced-eye model of myopia assuming fixed optical parameters and variable axial length is not tenable.     

Inhibition on Telomerase Activity and Cytotoxic Effects by Cisplatin in Cultured Human Choroidal Melanoma Cells

Purpose: To study the changes of telomerase activity and cytotoxic effects by Cisplatin; cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (CDDP) in cultured human choroidal melanoma. Material and Methods: The primary cultured human choroidal melanoma cells were cultured in the presence and absence of CDDP with different concentration and time respectively. The toxic effects were evaluated by MTT and the level of telormarse was detected by PCR-ELISA assay. And the relationship between telomerase activity and cytotoxic effects were analyzed by a correlation analysis.Results: Following the increase of the concentration and the time of CDDP, gradually repressed telomerase activity was detected in cultured cells. Meanwhile, the restrain rate of the cells increased. The telomerase activity at 24h and 1μg/ml was repressed significantly compared with the control cells. However, the appearance of cell death lagged behind the decreasing of telomerase.Conclusions: CDDP is an effective telomerase inhibitor in cultured choroidal melan