Ebola in West Africa—CDC’s Role in Epidemic Detection,Control, and Prevention

Since Ebola virus disease was identified in West Africa on March 23, 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has undertaken the most intensive response in the agency’s history; >3,000 staff have been involved, including >1,200 deployed to West Africa for >50,000 person workdays. Efforts have included supporting incident management systems in affected countries; mobilizing partners; and strengthening laboratory, epidemiology, contact investigation, health care infection control, communication, and border screening in West Africa, Nigeria, Mali, Senegal, and the United States. All efforts were undertaken as part of national and global response activities with many partner organizations. CDC was able to support community, national, and international health and public health staff to prevent an even worse event. The Ebola virus disease epidemic highlights the need to strengthen national and international systems to detect, respond to, and prevent the spread of future health threats.     

Does blood pressure differ between users and non-users of hormone replacement therapy? The Women's Health In the Lund Area (WHILA) Study

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether blood pressure over 24 h differed between postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy. METHODS: One group of hormone replacement postmenopausal women (n = 32) and one group of non-hormone replacement (n = 32) postmenopausal women underwent non-invasive 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. They were randomly selected among the 2000 firstly screened women in an ongoing project in Lund, Sweden. The study was designed to detect a difference of 5 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure over 24 h with a power of 80% and 5% significance (two-tailed test). RESULTS: The hormone replacement women had a mean (SD) office blood pressure of 128/76 (12/8) mmHg and the non-hormone replacement 126/78 (16/8) mmHg. Mean ambulatory blood pressure over 24 h, day and night, in the hormone replacement group was 121/72 (11/7), 126/76 (12/8), 111/64 (11/7) mmHg. The corresponding values in the non-hormone replacement group were 118/72 (12/7), 124/77 (12/7), and 107/64 (13/7) (p > 0.40 for diastolic blood pressure and p > 0.20 for systolic blood pressure). Mean heart rate over 24 h was 71 (7) and 73 (8) beats/min in the hormone and non-hormone replacement groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in blood pressure or heart rate between the hormone replacement and non-hormone replacement postmenopausal women, either over 24 h or during the day or night. Hormone replacement in postmenopausal women seems not to have an influence on blood pressure, but of course we are aware that this is a cross-sectional study, which has its limitations.     

Elevated serum beta-2-microglobulin — A prognostic marker for development of AIDS among patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

Summary For evaluation of its prognostic value, the level of serum -2-microglobulin was determined in early serum samples from 88 patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy in a prospective longitudinal study. Patients with serum -2-microglobulin >2.6 mg/l were found to have a significantly higher risk of developing AIDS earlier when compared to patients with a lower level (p<0.001).

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Erhöhte -2-Mikroglobulin-Serumspiegel — prognostischer Marker für den Übergang in AIDS bei Patienten mit persistierender, generalisierter Lymphadenopathie

Zusammenfassung In einer prospektiven longitudinalen Studie wurden in frühen Serumproben von 88 Patienten mit persistierender generalisierter Lymphadenopathie Messungen des -2-Mikroglobulin-Spiegels vorgenommen, um dessen Wert als prognostischer Faktor zu bestimmen. Das Risiko für den Übergang in AIDS erwies sich bei Patienten mit -2-Mikroglobulin-Spiegeln von >2,6 mg/l als signifikant höher als bei Patienten mit niedrigeren Spiegeln (p<0,001).

     

Serum Galectin-3 and Subsequent Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Subjects With Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: A Cohort Study

OBJECTIVETo study whether serum galectin-3 and other biomarkers of inflammation predict coronary heart disease (CHD) in subjects with long-standing childhood-onset type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA population-based nationwide cohort of 299 subjects with type 1 diabetes diagnosed in Norway at <15 years of age during 1973–1982 was examined in 2002–2003 at a mean age of 33 years (range 21–44), with mean diabetes duration of 24 years (range 19–30). Subjects were followed through 31 December 2017 for their first CHD event registered by a hospitalization or cause of death using nationwide registries. Stored serum samples were available for 296 subjects and analyzed for interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-6 receptor, IL-18, hs-CRP, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), galectin-3, and high-sensitivity troponin T. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for CHD per SD increase in biomarker were estimated using Cox regression.RESULTSOf 295 subjects, 40 (13.6%) had a documented CHD event during a mean follow-up of 14.4 years (range 0.5–16). IL-6 (aHR 1.32 [95% CI 1.07–1.63]), galectin-3 (aHR 1.44 [95% CI 1.09–1.80]), and TIMP-1 (aHR 1.37 [95% CI 1.04–1.81]) were significant predictors of CHD after adjustment for conventional risk factors.CONCLUSIONSGalectin-3 was significantly associated with future CHD in subjects with type 1 diabetes, and if the results are replicated in larger studies, it may aid in prediction together with conventional risk factors for CHD.     

Electrocardiogram signal variance analysis in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease—A comparison with exercise stress test in an angiographically documented high prevalence population

Variance electrocardiography (variance ECG) is a new resting procedure for detection of coronary artery disease (CAD). The method measures variability in the electrical expression of the depolarization phase induced by this disease. The time-domain analysis is performed on 220 cardiac cycles using high-fidelity ECG signals from 24 leads, and the phase-locked temporal electrical heterogeneity is expressed as a nondimensional CAD index (CAD-I) with the values of 0–150. This study compares the diagnostic efficiency of variance ECG and exercise stress test in a high prevalence population. A total of 199 symptomatic patients evaluated with coronary angiography was subjected to variance ECG and exercise test on a bicycle ergometer as a continuous ramp. The discriminant accuracy of the two methods was assessed employing the receiver operating characteristic curves constructed by successive consideration of several CAD-I cutpoint values and various threshold criteria based on ST-segment depression exclusively or in combination with exertional chest pain. Of these patients, 175 with CAD (≥ 50% luminal stenosis in 1 + major epicardial arteries) presented a mean CAD-I of 88 ± 22, compared with 70 ± 21 in 24 nonaffected patients (p < 0.01). Variance ECG provided a stochastically significant discrimination (p < 0.01) which was matched by exercise test only when chest pain variable was added to ST-segment depression as a discriminating criterion. Even then, the exercise test diagnosed single-vessel disease with a significantly lower sensitivity. At a cutpoint of CAD-I ≥ 70, compared with ST-segment depression ≥ 1 mm combined with exertional chest pain, the overall sensitivity of variance ECG was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that of exercise test (79 vs. 48 %). When combined, the two methods identified 93% of coronary angiography positive cases. Variance ECG is an efficient diagnostic method which compares favorably with exercise test for detection of CAD in high prevalence population.