Schools for health, education and development: a call for action

In 2007, the World Health Organization, together with UnitedNations and international organization as well as experts, metto draw upon existing evidence and practical experience fromregions, countries and individual schools in promoting healththrough schools. The goal of the meeting was to identify currentand emerging global factors affecting schools, and to help themrespond more effectively to health, education and developmentopportunities. At the meeting, a Statement was developed describingeffective approaches and strategies that can be adopted by schoolsto promote health, education and development. Five key challengeswere identified. These described the need to continue buildingevidence and capturing practical experience in school health;the importance of improving implementation processes to ensureoptimal transfer of evidence into practice; the need to alleviatingsocial and economic disadvantage in access to and successfulcompletion of school education; the opportunity to harness mediainfluences for positive benefit, and the continuing challengeto improve partnerships among different sectors and organizations.The participants also identified a range of actions needed torespond to these challenges, highlighting the need for actionby local school communities, governments and international organizationsto invest in quality education, and to increase participationof children and young people in school education. This paperdescribes the rationale for and process of the meeting and thedevelopment of the Statement and outlines some of the most immediateefforts made to implement the actions identified in the Statement.It also suggests further joint actions required for the implementationof the Statement.     

社区水平上土源性蠕虫病和血吸虫病评价指南--防治规划管理者的手册(续三)

2.7.调查队员的健康和安全建议工作人员在收集和镜检粪便和尿液标本时戴橡胶手套。任何被粪便或尿液污染的材料在清洗再用或处理之前都应放在次氯酸钠溶液里浸泡。 2.8.质量控制必须进行质量控制以核实调查期间镜检的一致性,对Kato-Katz技术而言,这一步骤尤为重要。在调查之前,应花一天的时间来评价实验室技术人员之间虫卵计数的一致性。一个简单的方法     

A population-based case-control study of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and breast cancer: The impact of duration of use, cumulative dose and latency

Background  

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a popular class of antidepressants, may increase breast cancer risk by stimulating the secretion of prolactin, a potential tumour promoter. We evaluated the effects of duration of SSRI use, cumulative dose, and latency on the risk of breast cancer by conducting a population-based case-control study utilizing Saskatchewan health databases.     

A 17-year-old with rash, fever, myalgias, and nephritis

Patients on hemodialysis are at increased risk for developing active tuberculosis (TB) after primary infection. Although this increased risk is well documented, the prevalence of TB infection, as indicated by a positive tuberculin skin test (TST), is not well described. End-stage renal disease is also known to be a risk factor for skin test anergy, but the rate of anergy in hemodialysis patients is unclear. We sought to identify rates of anergy and TST positivity in patients at four hemodialysis units in St Louis, Missouri, from June 1996 through August 1996. Data obtained from patients and medical records included age, years on hemodialysis, medical history, and basic laboratory data. Patients without a history of TB or a positive TST had a TST with Tubersol, as well as candida and tetanus controls, placed by the Mantoux method. Tests were read 48 hours later. Of the patients enrolled at these units, 307 of 331 (93%) were evaluated. Patients had a mean age of 58 years (range, 19 to 91 years) and had been on hemodialysis for a mean of 3.7 years (range, 1 week to 18.7 years). Blacks made up 81% of the population. A history of a positive TST was obtained from 24 patients (8%), and an additional seven (2%) had a history of active TB. Of the 276 patients tested, 93 did not respond to either control antigen, but five of these patients had a positive TST, leaving 88 (32%) anergic. Anergy was related to age, immunosuppressive drug use, and the reagents used, but not to urea reduction ratio. Positive TSTs were found in 17 of 188 of nonanergic patients (9%) (6% of all tested patients). Overall, 48 of 307 patients (16%) had a positive TST or history of TB. TB or a positive TST was associated with liver disease and peptic ulcer disease, but not socioeconomic status. All 17 newly identified TST-positive patients received chest radiographs. No new cases of active TB were found. Only two of 17 of these patients (12%) were started on isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis. We identified high rates of TST positivity and anergy in the hemodialysis patients tested. Hemodialysis patients should receive regular TST screening, and INH prophylaxis needs to be more strongly encouraged. Studies are ongoing to define the rate of TST conversion over time.     

Receptor-coupled signal transduction in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils: effects of a novel inhibitor of phospholipase C-dependent processes on cell responsiveness

1-[6-[[17 beta-3-Methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]- 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U-73122), an inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent processes in human platelets, was found to be a potent inhibitor of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) activation by structurally unrelated receptor-specific agonists. U-73122 caused a time- and concentration-dependent (0.1-1 microM) inhibition of myeloperoxidase and vitamin B12-binding protein release from PMNs exposed to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, recombinant human C5a, leukotriene B4 and platelet-activating factor. Activation of the respiratory burst, as measured by superoxide anion production, in PMNs stimulated with these agonists was also suppressed by U-73122. These data suggested that U-73122 inhibited a component of signal transduction that was common to the mechanisms of action of these stimuli. Production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and 1,2-diacylglycerol and the rise in the cytosolic free calcium concentration, which are early postreceptor events in PMN activation, were all suppressed in U-73122-treated PMNs stimulated with the agonists. These signal transduction events require activation of PLC. Receptor-coupled activation of PLC in membranes isolated from PMNs was potently inhibited by U-73122. U-73122, however, had no direct effect on PMN protein kinase C activity. 1-[6-[[17 beta-3-Methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl] -2,5- pyrrolidine-dione (U-73343), a close analog of U-73122 that does not suppress PLC activity, did not inhibit receptor-specific agonist-induced PMN responsiveness. U-73122, therefore, is a novel reagent that is useful in investigating PLC function in receptor-mediated PMN activation.     

Groin dissection versus groin radiation in carcinoma of the vulva: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to determine if groin radiation was superior to and less morbid than groin dissection. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Members of the Gynecologic Oncology Group randomized 58 patients with squamous carcinoma of the vulva and nonsuspicious (N0-1) inguinal nodes to receive either groin dissection or groin radiation, each in conjunction with radical vulvectomy. Radiation therapy consisted of a dose of 50 Gray given in daily 200 centiGray fractions to a depth of 3 cm below the anterior skin surface. RESULTS: The study was closed prematurely when interim monitoring revealed an excessive number of groin relapses on the groin radiation regimen. Metastatic involvement of the groin nodes was projected to occur in 24% of patients based on this Group's previous experience. On the groin dissection regimen, there were 5/25 (20.0%) patients with positive groin nodes. These patients received post-operative radiation. There were five groin relapses among the 27 (18.5%) patients on the groin radiation regimen and none on the groin dissection regimen. The groin dissection regimen had significantly better progression-free interval (p = 0.03) and survival (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Radiation of the intact groins as given in this study is significantly inferior to groin dissection in patients with squamous carcinoma of the vulva and N0-1 nodes.