The impact of intracranial pressure monitoring on mortality after severe traumatic brain injury

Background

The effect of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring on mortality after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) remains unclear. We hypothesized that ICP monitoring would not be associated with improved survival in patients with sTBI.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on sTBI patients, defined as admission Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less with intracranial hemorrhage. Patients who underwent ICP monitoring were compared with patients who did not. The primary outcome measure was inhospital mortality.

Results

Of 123 sTBI patients meeting inclusion criteria, 40 (32.5%) underwent ICP monitoring. On bivariate and multivariate regression analyses, ICP monitoring was associated with decreased mortality (odds ratio = .32, 95% confidence interval = .10 to .99, P = .049). This finding persisted on propensity-adjusted analysis.

Conclusions

ICP monitoring is associated with improved survival in adult patients with sTBI. In addition, significant variability exists in the use of ICP monitoring among patients with sTBI.     

Evaluation of pilot experience with robotic-assisted proctectomy and coloanal anastomosis for rectal cancer

Background

Robotic-assisted proctectomy with coloanal anastomosis (RPCA) is an innovative technique of pelvic dissection for low rectal cancer. Our objective was to evaluate our pilot experience with this procedure compared with open proctectomy with coloanal anastomosis (OPCA).

Methods

We performed a retrospective 5-year review of all consecutive cases of RPCA and OPCA performed at our institute. We focused on tumour characteristics, quality of surgery, analgesic requirements, average length of hospital stay (LOS), complications and long-term outcomes.

Results

Three patients underwent RPCA and 25 had OPCA. The average duration of surgery was similar (288 min for RPCA v. 285 min for OPCA). Four patients in the OPCA group had positive or very close margins, and 2 had a mesorectal defect less than 5 mm. The average LOS was 6.66 and 9.29 days in the RPCA and OPCA groups, respectively, and the average duration of epidural or patient-controlled anesthesia was 2.67 and 5.16 days, respectively. We did not perform a statistical comparison because of the discordant size and sex distribution between the groups. There were no perioperative complications in the RPCA group, and all patients had negative margins and adequate lymph node retrievals with no long-term complications or recurrence recorded so far.

Conclusion

Our very early experience with RPCA is quite encouraging, suggesting that it is a safe alternative to OPCA with a similar duration and the added benefits of a minimally invasive procedure, including decreased LOS and reduced postoperative analgesic requirements.     

Defects in Mitochondrial Efficiency and H2O2 Emissions in Obese Women Are Restored to a Lean Phenotype With Aerobic Exercise Training

The notion that mitochondria contribute to obesity-induced insulin resistance is highly debated. Therefore, we determined whether obese (BMI 33 kg/m²), insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome had aberrant skeletal muscle mitochondrial physiology compared with lean, insulin-sensitive women (BMI 23 kg/m²). Maximal whole-body and mitochondrial oxygen consumption were not different between obese and lean women. However, obese women exhibited lower mitochondrial coupling and phosphorylation efficiency and elevated mitochondrial H₂O₂ (mtH₂O₂) emissions compared with lean women. We further evaluated the impact of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on obesity-related impairments in insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial energetics in the fasted state and after a high-fat mixed meal. Exercise training reversed obesity-related mitochondrial derangements as evidenced by enhanced mitochondrial bioenergetics efficiency and decreased mtH₂O₂ production. A concomitant increase in catalase antioxidant activity and decreased DNA oxidative damage indicate improved cellular redox status and a potential mechanism contributing to improved insulin sensitivity. mtH₂O₂ emissions were refractory to a high-fat meal at baseline, but after exercise, mtH₂O₂ emissions increased after the meal, which resembles previous findings in lean individuals. We demonstrate that obese women exhibit impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in the form of decreased efficiency and impaired mtH₂O₂ emissions, while exercise effectively restores mitochondrial physiology toward that of lean, insulin-sensitive individuals.     

New Insights Into Gestational Glucose Metabolism: Lessons Learned From 21st Century Approaches

Pregnancy presents a unique physiological challenge that requires changes coordinated by placentally and non–placentally derived hormones to prepare the mother for the metabolic stress presented by fetal development and to ensure appropriate nutrient allocation between mother and fetus. Of particular importance is the maintenance of normal glucose metabolism during pregnancy. Here, we describe physiological changes in glucose metabolism during pregnancy and highlight new insights into these adaptations that have emerged over the past decade using novel methodologies, specifically genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and metabolomics. While GWAS have identified some novel associations with metabolic traits during pregnancy, the majority of the findings overlap with those observed in nonpregnant populations and individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Metabolomics studies have provided new insight into key metabolites involved in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Both of these approaches have suggested that a strong link exists between GDM and T2D. Most recently, a role of the gut microbiome in pregnancy has been observed, with changes in the microbiome during the third trimester having metabolic consequences for the mother. In this Perspectives in Diabetes article, we highlight how these new data have broadened our understanding of gestational metabolism, and emphasize the importance of future studies to elucidate differences between GDM and T2D.     

A new finite element approach for near real‐time simulation of light propagation in locally advanced head and neck tumors

Background and Objectives

Several clinical studies suggest that interstitial photodynamic therapy (I‐PDT) may benefit patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC). For I‐PDT, the therapeutic light is delivered through optical fibers inserted into the target tumor. The complex anatomy of the head and neck requires careful planning of fiber insertions. Often the fibers' location and tumor optical properties may vary from the original plan therefore pretreatment planning needs near real‐time updating to account for any changes. The purpose of this work was to develop a finite element analysis (FEA) approach for near real‐time simulation of light propagation in LAHNC.

Methods

Our previously developed FEA for modeling light propagation in skin tissue was modified to simulate light propagation from interstitial optical fibers. The modified model was validated by comparing the calculations with measurements in a phantom mimicking tumor optical properties. We investigated the impact of mesh element size and growth rate on the computation time, and defined optimal settings for the FEA. We demonstrated how the optimized FEA can be used for simulating light propagation in two cases of LAHNC amenable to I‐PDT, as proof‐of‐concept.

Results

The modified FEA was in agreement with the measurements (P = 0.0271). The optimal maximum mesh size and growth rate were 0.005–0.02 m and 2–2.5 m/m, respectively. Using these settings the computation time for simulating light propagation in LAHNC was reduced from 25.9 to 3.7 minutes in one case, and 10.1 to 4 minutes in another case. There were minor differences (1.62%, 1.13%) between the radiant exposures calculated with either mesh in both cases.

Conclusions

Our FEA approach can be used to model light propagation from diffused optical fibers in complex heterogeneous geometries representing LAHNC. There is a range of maximum element size (MES) and maximum element growth rate (MEGR) that can be used to minimize the computation time of the FEA to 4 minutes. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:60–67, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Rapid,high‐fluence multi‐pass q‐switched laser treatment of tattoos with a transparent perfluorodecalin‐infused patch: A pilot study

Background and Objectives

Perfluorodecalin (PFD) has previously been shown to rapidly dissipate the opaque, white micro‐bubble layer formed after exposure of tattoos to Q‐switched lasers [1]. The current pilot study was conducted to qualitatively determine if the use of a transparent PFD‐infused silicone patch would result in more rapid clearance of tattoos than conventional through‐air techniques.

Materials and Methods

Black or dark blue tattoos were divided into two halves in a single‐site IRB‐approved study with 17 subjects with Fitzpatrick skin types I–III. One half of each tattoo served as its own control and was treated with one pass of a standard Q‐switched Alexandrite laser (755 nm). The other half of the tattoo was treated directly through a transparent perfluorodecalin (PFD) infused patch (ON Light Sciences, Dublin, CA). The rapid whitening reduction effect of the Patch routinely allowed three to four laser passes in a total of approximately 5 minutes. Both sides were treated at highest tolerated fluence, but the optical clearing, index‐matching, and epidermal protection properties of the PFD Patch allowed significantly higher fluence compared to the control side. Standard photographs were taken at baseline, immediately prior to treatment with the PFD Patch in place, and finally before and after each treatment session. Treatments were administered at 4‐ to 6‐week intervals.

Results

In a majority of subjects (11 of 17), tattoos treated through a transparent PFD‐infused patch showed more rapid tattoo clearance with higher patient and clinician satisfaction than conventional treatment. In no case did the control side fade faster than the PFD Patch side. No unanticipated adverse events were observed.

Conclusions

Rapid multi‐pass treatment of tattoos with highest tolerated fluence facilitated by a transparent PFD‐infused patch clears tattoos more rapidly than conventional methods. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:613–618, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.