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101.
102.
Yongle Chen Brent R. Helliker Xianhui Tang Fang Li Youping Zhou Xin Song 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2020,117(52):33345
The hydrogen isotope ratio of water cryogenically extracted from plant stem samples (δ2Hstem_CVD) is routinely used to aid isotope applications that span hydrological, ecological, and paleoclimatological research. However, an increasing number of studies have shown that a key assumption of these applications—that δ2Hstem_CVD is equal to the δ2H of plant source water (δ2Hsource)—is not necessarily met in plants from various habitats. To examine this assumption, we purposedly designed an experimental system to allow independent measurements of δ2Hstem_CVD, δ2Hsource, and δ2H of water transported in xylem conduits (δ2Hxylem) under controlled conditions. Our measurements performed on nine woody plant species from diverse habitats revealed a consistent and significant depletion in δ2Hstem_CVD compared with both δ2Hsource and δ2Hxylem. Meanwhile, no significant discrepancy was observed between δ2Hsource and δ2Hxylem in any of the plants investigated. These results cast significant doubt on the long-standing view that deuterium fractionation occurs during root water uptake and, alternatively, suggest that measurement bias inherent in the cryogenic extraction method is the root cause of δ2Hstem_CVD depletion. We used a rehydration experiment to show that the stem water cryogenic extraction error could originate from a dynamic exchange between organically bound deuterium and liquid water during water extraction. In light of our finding, we suggest caution when partitioning plant water sources and reconstructing past climates using hydrogen isotopes, and carefully propose that the paradigm-shifting phenomenon of ecohydrological separation (“two water worlds”) is underpinned by an extraction artifact.The analysis of the stable isotope ratios of plant source water (δsource) is a powerful tool enabling the elucidation of a range of plant physiological, ecological, and hydrological processes from scales ranging from individual plants to the planet. δsource provides a foundation on which to form isotope signals of transpired water vapor and plant-derived biomarkers (i.e., cellulose and lipids) and thus is of high relevance to studies of terrestrial water fluxes (1, 2) and paleoclimate reconstructions (3, 4). δsource also contains information on the spatial and temporal origins of water used by plants and so is commonly used for investigating plant water uptake patterns under natural conditions (5, 6). Moreover, dual-isotope (δ2H and δ18O) analysis of δsource was critical in formulating the paradigm-shifting “two water worlds” (TWW) hypothesis, whereby ecohydrological separation exists between plant-accessible soil water pools and those recharging streams and groundwater (7, 8).Elucidation of the foregoing processes rest on the assumption that water extracted from plant stems is isotopically identical to water taken up by plant roots. Plant stem water is typically extracted with the cryogenic-vacuum distillation technique; δ generated with this method is hereinafter referred as δstem_CVD (9). For δstem_CVD to be an accurate indicator of δsource (i.e., δstem_CVD = δsource), two prerequisites must be met: 1) isotope change does not occur during root uptake and/or xylem transport of the source water (prerequisite I) and 2) stem water cryogenic extraction is a robust approach toward isotope recovery of xylem water (prerequisite II). The “δstem_CVD = δsource” assumption is generally valid for oxygen isotopes of water, but numerous studies have used hydrogen isotopes to assess source water, and here this assumption has faced scrutiny, as multiple studies have reported significant depletion in δ2Hstem_CVD compared with δ2Hsource in plants from various habitats (10–18).A frequently invoked explanation for the observed δ2Hstem_CVD depletion is a violation of prerequisite I, as it is believed that symplastic uptake of source water into the root xylem can give rise to hydrogen isotope fractionation (10, 11, 13, 19). The available evidence (10, 11) in support of such an explanation is largely peripheral, because direct, unambiguous confirmation of water uptake/transport-related fractionation would require a comparison of deuterium in source water and water transported within xylem conduits (δ2Hxylem). However, this type of comparison is difficult owing to the technical challenges in obtaining targeted measurements of δ2Hxylem in most plants. Intriguingly, in a field-grown riparian tree species (Populus euphratica) in which δ2Hxylem measurement was made possible with the aid of a syringe-aided xylem sap bleeding technique, no significant difference was observed between δ2Hxylem and δ2Hsource (12). This led to the suggestion that, at least for the investigated species, δ2Hstem_CVD depletion arises not from a violation of prerequisite I, but rather from a violation of prerequisite II. The violation of prerequisite II has been deemed possible (12, 17) based on the argument that hydrogen isotope heterogeneity could be present within the bulk stem water (i.e., the outside xylem water may carry a metabolism-induced, more-depleted δ2H signature compared with the xylem water), potentially causing the stem water extraction technique to artifactually underestimate δ2Hxylem.Given the controvertible state of knowledge regarding the mechanism driving δ2Hstem_CVD depletion, it is imperative for us to build a better and more comprehensive understanding of the isotopic relationships among cryogenic extracted bulk stem water, source water, and xylem water in different plants, so as to put the application of the stem water cryogenic extraction technique in diverse fields on firmer ground. In this context, it should be pointed out that the xylem water direct sampling technique (12) is applicable only to a few riparian tree species. Recently, a new method relying on laser-enabled isotope measurement of water vapor in equilibrium with xylem water has demonstrated potential for in situ continuous monitoring of xylem isotope signatures in trees (20, 21); however, the method needs further development before it becomes broadly applicable to different plant types. Thus, a more generally applicable method is needed for determining xylem water signature across diverse plant types.Toward this goal, and capitalizing on the well-recognized mass balance-dictated principle that the isotopic composition of steady-state (SS) plant transpiration is identical to that of the xylem water supplying the plant canopy, we custom-designed a measurement system to enable independent quantification of xylem water isotope composition through isotope measurement of SS plant transpiration. This measurement system conferred the ability to compare values of δstem_CVD, δsource, and δxylem across a number of plant species of varying native habitats. The data allowed us to confirm the common presence of δ2Hstem_CVD depletion across all plant types measured, and also to demonstrate that this phenomenon is caused by cryogenic extraction-associated artifact and not by water uptake/transport-related fractionation. We also performed a rehydration experiment to illustrate that the extraction artifact is unrelated to within-stem isotope heterogeneity as has been recently suggested, but rather is more likely linked to a deuterium-exchange process that occurs dynamically during cryogenic extraction. Using the TWW hypothesis as an example, we further discuss the ramifications for ecological/hydrological queries that rely on accurate isotopic information on plant source/xylem water. 相似文献
103.
104.
Sean H. Rhyee Lynn Farrugia Sharan L. Campleman Paul M. Wax Jeffrey Brent On behalf of the Toxicology Investigators Consortium 《Journal of medical toxicology》2015,11(4):388-409
The Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC) Case Registry was established in 2010 by the American College of Medical Toxicology. The Registry includes all medical toxicology consultations performed at participating sites. The Registry was queried for all cases entered between January 1 and December 31, 2014. Specific data reviewed for analysis included demographics (age, gender, ethnicity), source of consultation, reasons for consultation, agents involved in toxicological exposures, signs, symptoms, clinical findings, fatalities, and treatment. In 2014, 9172 cases were entered in the Registry across 47 active member sites. Females accounted for 51.1 % of cases. The majority (65.1 %) of cases were adults between the ages of 19 and 65. Caucasians made up the largest identified ethnic group (48.9 %). Most Registry cases originated from the inpatient setting (93.5 %), with a large majority of these consultations coming from the emergency department or inpatient admission services. Intentional and unintentional pharmaceutical exposures continued to be the most frequent reasons for consultation, accounting for 61.7 % of cases. Among cases of intentional pharmaceutical exposure, 62.4 % were associated with a self-harm attempt. Non-pharmaceutical exposures accounted for 14.1 % of Registry cases. Similar to the past years, non-opioid analgesics, sedative-hypnotics, and opioids were the most commonly encountered agents. Clinical signs or symptoms were noted in 81.9 % of cases. There were 89 recorded fatalities (0.97 %). Medical treatment (e.g., antidotes, antivenom, chelators, supportive care) was rendered in 62.3 % of cases. Patient demographics and exposure characteristics in 2014 Registry cases remain similar to prior years. The majority of consultations arose in the acute care setting (emergency department or inpatient) and involved exposures to pharmaceutical products. Among exposures, non-opioid analgesics, sedative/hypnotics, and opioids were the most frequently encountered. A majority of cases required some form of treatment, but fatalities were rare.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13181-015-0507-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献105.
Newcombe PA Sheffield JK Juniper EF Marchant JM Halsted RA Masters IB Chang AB 《Chest》2008,133(2):386-395
BACKGROUND: Chronic cough affects at least 7% of children, and the impact of this on families is significant. Although adult cough-specific quality-of-life (QOL) instruments have been shown to be a useful cough outcome measure, no suitable cough-specific QOL for parents of children with chronic cough exists. This article compares two methods of item reduction (clinical impact and psychometric) and reports on the statistical properties of both QOL instruments. METHOD: One hundred seventy children (97 boys and 73 girls; median age, 4 years; interquartile range, 3 to 7.25 years) and one of their parents participated. A preliminary 50-item parent cough-specific QOL (PC-QOL) questionnaire was developed from conversations with parents of children with chronic cough (ie, cough for > 3 weeks). Parents also completed generic QOL questionnaires (eg, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, version 4.0 [PedsQL4.0] and the 12-item Short Form Health Survey, version 2 [SF-12v2]). RESULTS: The clinical impact and psychometric method of item reduction resulted in 27-item and 26-item PC-QOL questionnaires, respectively, with approximately 50% of items overlapping. Internal consistency among the final items from both methods was excellent. Some evidence for concurrent and criterion validity of both methods was established as significant correlations were found between subscales of the PC-QOL questionnaire and the scales of the SF-12v2 and PedsQL4.0 scores. The PC-QOL questionnaire derived from both methods was sensitive to change following an intervention. CONCLUSION: Chronic cough significantly impacts on the QOL of both parents and children. Although the PC-QOL questionnaires derived from a clinical impact method and from a psychometric method contained different items, both versions were shown to be internally consistent and valid. Further testing is required to compare both final versions to objective and subjective cough measures. 相似文献
106.
Cornett D Barancin C Roeder B Reichelderfer M Frick T Gopal D Kim D Pickhardt PJ Taylor A Pfau P 《The American journal of gastroenterology》2008,103(8):2068-2074
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of this study is to evaluate the findings on optical colonoscopy (OC) after a positive CT colonography (CTC) exam and characterize the type of polyps seen on OC but not reported by CTC.
METHODS: Over an 18-month period a total of 159 asymptomatic adults had polyps seen on computed tomography colonography examination and subsequently underwent planned therapeutic optical colonoscopy. The colonoscopists were aware of the findings on CT colonography prior to further evaluation of the colon. Characteristics of polyps and adenomas seen on subsequent optical colonoscopy but not seen or reported on CT colonography were examined.
RESULTS: The adenoma miss rate for CT colonography overall was 18.9% (25/132) including 6.2% (4/65) for polyps >9 mm and 18.2% (8/44) for polyps 6–9 mm. Three of the adenomas >9 mm not seen on CTC were sessile, and two were found in patients with technically difficult CT colonography studies due to poor colonic distention. No adenomas with advanced pathology <6 mm were found on optical colonoscopy but not reported on CT colonography. False-positive CTC referral where no polyp was seen on colonoscopy was 5.0%.
CONCLUSIONS: CT colonography has adenoma miss rates similar to miss rates historically found with optical colonoscopy, with most missed adenomas being <10 mm and sessile in shape. 相似文献
METHODS: Over an 18-month period a total of 159 asymptomatic adults had polyps seen on computed tomography colonography examination and subsequently underwent planned therapeutic optical colonoscopy. The colonoscopists were aware of the findings on CT colonography prior to further evaluation of the colon. Characteristics of polyps and adenomas seen on subsequent optical colonoscopy but not seen or reported on CT colonography were examined.
RESULTS: The adenoma miss rate for CT colonography overall was 18.9% (25/132) including 6.2% (4/65) for polyps >9 mm and 18.2% (8/44) for polyps 6–9 mm. Three of the adenomas >9 mm not seen on CTC were sessile, and two were found in patients with technically difficult CT colonography studies due to poor colonic distention. No adenomas with advanced pathology <6 mm were found on optical colonoscopy but not reported on CT colonography. False-positive CTC referral where no polyp was seen on colonoscopy was 5.0%.
CONCLUSIONS: CT colonography has adenoma miss rates similar to miss rates historically found with optical colonoscopy, with most missed adenomas being <10 mm and sessile in shape. 相似文献
107.
Safe integration of nelarabine into intensive chemotherapy in newly diagnosed T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Children's Oncology Group Study AALL0434
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Stuart S. Winter MD Kimberly P. Dunsmore MD Meenakshi Devidas PhD Nancy Eisenberg MPH Barbara L. Asselin MD Brent L. Wood MD PhD Marcia S. Leonard RN RN PNP John Murphy Pharm D Julie M. Gastier‐Foster PhD Andrew J. Carroll PhD Nyla A. Heerema PhD Mignon L. Loh MD Elizabeth A. Raetz MD Naomi J. Winick MD William L. Carroll MD Stephen P. Hunger MD 《Pediatric blood & cancer》2015,62(7):1176-1183
108.
Lorange EA Race BL Sebbane F Joseph Hinnebusch B 《The Journal of infectious diseases》2005,191(11):1907-1912
Population genetics and comparative genomics analyses of the pathogenic Yersinia species have indicated that arthropodborne transmission is an evolutionarily recent adaptation in Yersinia pestis, the agent of plague. We show that the infectivity of Y. pestis to its most proficient vector, the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis, and subsequent transmission efficiency are both low. The poor vector competence of fleas likely imposed selective pressure that favored the emergence and continued maintenance of a hypervirulent Y. pestis clone. In particular, the rapidly fatal gram-negative sepsis that typifies plague is a consequence of the high threshold bacteremia level that must be attained to complete the transmission cycle. Epidemiological modeling predicts that, to compensate for a relatively short period of infectivity of the mammalian host for the arthropod vector, plague epizootics require a high flea burden per host, even when the susceptible host population density is high. 相似文献
109.
Christopher M. Frost Daniel C. Ursu Shane M. Flattery Andrej Nedic Cheryl A. Hassett Jana D. Moon Patrick J. Buchanan R. Brent Gillespie Theodore A. Kung Stephen W. P. Kemp Paul S. Cederna Melanie G. Urbanchek 《Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation》2018,15(1):108