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91.
Old people of non-western minority backgrounds are an invisible group in Norway in several ways: in the national debate about the ageing population, in geriatric health care services, and in the general picture of ethnic minorities. There is a lack of knowledge about health and care amongst old migrants. This study aimed at exploring nurse managers' perceptions of the content of community health nursing care of older people from non-western countries of origin, and the challenges associated with caring for this group of patients. The study took place in a medium-sized Norwegian community, a mostly urban area with surrounding rural areas. The community health nursing system was organized in six districts with nurses in management positions, covering nursing homes, special housing and home-based care. Data were collected by a questionnaire with structured and open-ended questions answered by 18 nurse managers. The data provided scarce information, but indicated a lack of systematic cultural care assessments. Community health nursing of old non-western migrant patients was described as deficient and a demanding burden. The challenges were captured in four themes: language barriers, family involvement in care, deficiencies in cultural competency and the need for development. Increased competency, action and local responsibility were identified as propositions to manage the challenges. The lack of awareness and knowledge concerning cultural issues found in this study highlights the need for further development and research on this topic.  相似文献   
92.
Increasing age is associated with reduced bone mineral content and increased risk of fractures. This is caused by a relative insufficiency of osteoblasts compared with osteoclasts. We therefore wanted to examine the potential differences in proliferation, differentiation, and expression of cytokines between human osteoblasts (hOBs) obtained from young and elderly individuals. Cultures of hOBs were obtained from 11 elderly (73–85 years) and 15 young (21–27 years) healthy individuals. The cells were stimulated with hGH, IGF-I, hGH + IGF-I, and TGF-β1. Proliferation was evaluated by thymidine incorporation, and differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase, OPG, and PINP production. Expression of IL-6, TGF-β1, OPG, and RANKL was investigated using real-time PCR and three carefully selected housekeeping genes. Combined stimulation with hGH and IGF-I increased proliferation without differences between hOBs obtained from young and elderly individuals. hOBs from young individuals responded to stimulation with vitamin D with a more pronounced increase in alkaline phosphatase: 107 ± 17% vs. 43 ± 5%, P < 0.01. Stimulation with TGF-β1 decreased OPG production by hOBs from elderly individuals but not from young individuals, P < 0.05. hOBs from elderly individuals expressed significantly higher amounts of IL-6 mRNA (P < 0.05) and less OPG and TGF-β1 mRNA (P = 0.08 and P = 0.08, respectively) compared with hOBs from young individuals. In conclusion, hOBs from elderly individuals express more IL-6 mRNA and less OPG and TGF-β1 mRNA than hOBs from young individuals. This could partly explain the reduced bone mass and increased fracture risk seen in the elderly. hOBs from young and elderly individuals responded similarly to short-term stimulation of proliferation and differentiation.  相似文献   
93.
The effect of SrCl2 treatment on bone nanostructure in a rat ovariectomy model was studied using scanning small-angle X-ray scattering (sSAXS). Twelve 6-month-old female Wistar rats were used. Six animals were ovariectomized (+ovx) and six were left intact after sham surgery (−ovx). Six animals, three +ovx and three −ovx, were treated with 4 mmol SrCl2 (aq)/kg/day (+Sr), whereas the remaining six received placebo (−Sr) for 140 days. Rats were labeled with flourochromes at days 7, 126, and 136. Femoral cross sections were studied using fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy including energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and sSAXS. The SAXS data comprised about 5,500 measurements and provided information about mineral crystal thickness and orientation in new and old bone. The newly formed bone contained higher levels of Sr2+ in +Sr than in −Sr animals, indicating that the Sr2+ was incorporated into the new bone. Mineral plates were significantly thicker in old bone, 2.62 nm (95% CI 2.58–2.66), than in new bone, 2.41 nm (95% CI 2.36–2.46). Surprisingly, mineral plates in new bone were significantly thicker (2.52 [95% CI 2.47–2.57] nm vs. 2.41 [95% CI 2.36–2.46] nm, P = 0.017) in +ovx rats than in −ovx rats. However, no significant effect of SrCl2 on mineral plate thicknesses in new bone was observed. The statistical model yielded estimates of the difference in bone mineral plate thickness induced by Sr. The estimated effect of Sr was −0.09 (95% CI −0.21 to 0.03) and 0.02 (95% CI −0.10 to 0.14) nm for new bone in −ovx and +ovx rats, respectively.  相似文献   
94.
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships of process variables derived from the cognitive model of bulimia nervosa (BN) and weekly outcome. The participants were 39 patients with BN or subthreshold bulimia consecutively admitted to an inpatient treatment program for bulimia. Theory‐derived process and outcome variables were measured repeatedly during the course of therapy with a gap of a week between each measurement. The data were analysed with time series methods (ARIMA). Weekly variations in the process variables: self‐efficacy about resisting binge eating, dysfunctional beliefs, negative affect and positive affect influenced variations in subsequent outcome, whereas weekly outcome did not influence subsequent process. These results are consistent with the cognitive model of BN and suggest that self‐efficacy, dysfunctional beliefs, negative affect and positive affect are potential targets for treatment that need further investigation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.  相似文献   
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96.
A capillary electrophoresis-based method to characterize a PEGylated liposomal drug formulation of the anti-cancer agent oxaliplatin was developed. Pharmaceutical characterization in terms of determination of the free and total oxaliplatin concentrations in the liposomal formulation was successfully performed allowing calculation of the percentage of encapsulated drug and encapsulation efficiency. The trapping efficiency was likewise calculated. The capillary electrophoresis method allowed liposome characterization in the intended formulation media (sucrose solution with low electrolyte concentration), and the attained results were consistent with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements. Accelerated drug leakage studies were initiated by the sonication of the PEGylated formulation, using an ultrasound probe, subsequently the drug leakage was determined by capillary electrophoresis. The results obtained with the PEGylated liposomes demonstrate that capillary electrophoresis may be a useful tool for the characterization of liposomal drug formulations.  相似文献   
97.
Physical inactivity is considered to be deleterious to vascular health, and in particular in first-degree relatives to patients with type 2 diabetes (FDR) and persons born with low birth weight (LBW), who may later in life develop cardiovascular disease. A period of imposed physical inactivity could unmask this risk. We hypothesized that the impact of physical inactivity on endothelial function would be more marked in subjects at increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (LBW and FDR) compared with a matched control group (CON), all of whom were recruited via advertisements and via the Danish Birth Registry. Twenty LBW, 20 CON and 13 FDR were studied before and after 10 days of bed rest. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography during brachial intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine or adenosine at baseline and with superimposed hyperinsulinaemia. Markers of endothelial activation and inflammation were measured in plasma. Bed rest did not change the vasodilator responses to adenosine or acetylcholine alone in any group, but reduced vasodilator responses to adenosine or acetylcholine during hyperinsulinaemia in LBW. Bed rest impaired insulin-mediated vasodilatation in CON and LBW and increased endothelial activation markers in FDR and LBW but not in CON. Vasodilator responses were very low in FDR prior to bed rest, and did not decrease further during bed rest. Physical inactivity does not impair endothelium-dependent vasodilatation?per se, but the vascular vasodilator effect of insulin diminished in CON and LBW after bed rest. In FDR, a further deterioration of FBF with inactivity is not possible.  相似文献   
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100.
Markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen, are associated with the risk of atherothrombosis. Plasma levels of these markers of inflammation are affected by hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and modulated by smoking. We studied whether genetic variation in the estrogen receptor- 1 (ESR1), CRP and fibrinogen-beta genes influences the plasma levels of inflammation markers after HRT. Plasma CRP and fibrinogen were measured after five years follow-up in healthy postmenopausal women (per-protocol group) who were randomised to hormone therapy (n=187) or no treatment (n=249). The effect of HRT, smoking and genetic variations in ESR1 (PvuII and XbaI), CRP (1444C/T) and fibrinogen-beta (FGB, -455G/A) were determined. The plasma concentration of CRP was higher in the HRT group than in the control group (2.03 mg/l and 1.41 mg/l, respectively; p < 0.001), while the concentration of fibrinogen was lower in the HRT group than in the control group (3.02 g/l and 3.20 g/l, respectively; p < 0.001), indicating that it is unlikely that inflammation is the common underlying pathway. There was a significant interaction between smoking and HRT on the fibrinogen (p=0.02), but not on the CRP concentration (n.s.). Genetic polymorphisms in ESR1, CRP and fibrinogen were not associated with an effect of HRT on the CRP and fibrinogen plasma levels, and no significant interaction with smoking was observed. In conclusion, higher plasma levels of CRP and lower plasma levels of fibrinogen were observed in women using HRT; however, genetic polymorphisms in ESR1, CRP and FGB were not associated with these effects of HRT.  相似文献   
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