Alcohol-related mortality, drinking behavior, and business cycles

This paper explores the connection between alcohol-related mortality, drinking behavior, and macroeconomic conditions in Finland using both aggregate and microlevel data from recent decades. The aggregate data reveal that an improvement in economic conditions produces a decrease in alcohol-related mortality. Microlevel data show that alcohol consumption increases during economic expansion while the probability of being a drinker remains unchanged. This demonstrates that alcohol-related mortality and self-reported alcohol consumption may be delinked in the short-run business cycle context. One explanation for this paradox is that most harmful forms of drinking are not captured in survey-based data used to study the effect of macroeconomic conditions on alcohol consumption. Our evidence does not overwhelmingly support the conclusions reported for the United States that temporary economic downturns are good for health.     

Recombinant allergen fragments as candidate preparations for allergen immunotherapy

Background: Lately, renewed interest has arisen in the new forms of allergen immunotherapy because they may offer alternatives for drug treatment. Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a well-characterized preparation of the main respiratory cow dander allergen, Bos d 2, with attenuated allergenic activity. Methods: The immunologic characteristics of Bos d 2 preparations were studied by indirect IgE ELISA, ELISA inhibition, Western blotting, histamine release, skin prick tests, and the proliferation tests of allergen-specific T-cell clones. Results: The complete recombinant Bos d 2 was observed to bind effectively, IgE of cow-allergic patients in indirect ELISA. In other experiments, the IgE-binding capacity of recombinant Bos d 2 proved to be lower compared with native Bos d 2. When the two overlapping recombinant fragments of Bos d 2 (corresponding amino acids 1-131 and 81-172, respectively) covering the whole molecule were compared with the complete recombinant Bos d 2 with several methods, only a low level of residual reactivity was observed. For example, recombinant fragments could not bind antibody at all in ELISA inhibition tests retaining, however, some reactivity in skin prick tests. In contrast, the fragments were able to stimulate vigorously Bos d 2-specific T-cell clones. Conclusion: The approach we have taken may offer a simple and reproducible way to produce hypoallergenic preparations for immunotherapy, circumventing simultaneously some of the problems of other experimental methods such as individual T-cell epitope recognition in peptide-based immunotherapy. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:721-7.)     

Effects of commercial chlorophenolate, 2,3,7,8-TCDD,and pure phenoxyacetic acids on hepatic peroxisome proliferation,xenobiotic metabolism and sister chromatid exchange in the rat

The induction of hepatic peroxisome proliferation and drug metabolizing enzymes and of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in lymphocytes was studied in male Han/Wistar rats after exposing them for 2 weeks to a commercial chlorophenolate formulation (Ky-5) (100mg/kg/ day), to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD; 0.05–5 g/kg/wk) and to the pure phenoxyacetic acids, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; 100 mg/kg/day) and 2-chloro-4-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA; 100 mg/kg/day). The chlorophenolate formulation and pure 2,4-D and MCPA caused significant increases in the number of peroxisomes in liver cells, although the average size of peroxisomes was not affected, whereas the effect of even the highest dose of 2,3,7,8-TCDD remained small. This finding indicates that dioxin impurities do not account for the peroxisome proliferation induced by chlorophenolate. The relative weight of the liver increased significantly in rats treated with the chlorophenolate formulation and with 2,3,7,8-TCDD (5.0 and 0.5 g/kg). The pattern of induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes showed some differences between chlorophenolate treatment and 2,3,7,8-TCDD treatment. Furthermore, the effects of pure phenoxyacetic acids were different from that seen with chlorophenolate and 2,3,7,8-TCDD. The highest dose of 2,3,7,8-TCDD increased the frequency of SCE in circulating lymphocytes slightly, but significantly.     

Evaluation of dose-response models and parameters predicting radiation induced pneumonitis using clinical data from breast cancer radiotherapy

The purpose of this work is to evaluate the predictive strength of the relative seriality, parallel and LKB normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models regarding the incidence of radiation pneumonitis, in a large group of patients following breast cancer radiotherapy, and furthermore, to illustrate statistical methods for examining whether certain published radiobiological parameters are compatible with a clinical treatment methodology and patient group characteristics. The study is based on 150 consecutive patients who received radiation therapy for breast cancer. For each patient, the 3D dose distribution delivered to lung and the clinical treatment outcome were available. Clinical symptoms and radiological findings, along with a patient questionnaire, were used to assess the manifestation of radiation-induced complications. Using this material, different methods of estimating the likelihood of radiation effects were evaluated. This was attempted by analysing patient data based on their full dose distributions and associating the calculated complication rates with the clinical follow-up records. Additionally, the need for an update of the criteria that are being used in the current clinical practice was also examined. The patient material was selected without any conscious bias regarding the radiotherapy treatment technique used. The treatment data of each patient were applied to the relative seriality, LKB and parallel NTCP models, using published parameter sets. Of the 150 patients, 15 experienced radiation-induced pneumonitis (grade 2) according to the radiation pneumonitis scoring criteria used. Of the NTCP models examined, the relative seriality model was able to predict the incidence of radiation pneumonitis with acceptable accuracy, although radiation pneumonitis was developed by only a few patients. In the case of modern breast radiotherapy, radiobiological modelling appears to be very sensitive to model and parameter selection giving clinically acceptable results in certain cases selectively (relative seriality model with Seppenwoolde et al and Gagliardi et al parameter sets). The use of published parameters should be considered as safe only after their examination using local clinical data. The variation of inter-patient radiosensitivity seems to play a significant role in the prediction of such low incidence rate complications. Scoring grades were combined to give stronger evidence of radiation pneumonitis since their differences could not be strictly associated with dose. This obviously reveals a weakness of the scoring related to this endpoint, and implies that the probability of radiation pneumonitis induction may be too low to be statistically analysed with high accuracy, at least with the latest advances of dose delivery in breast radiotherapy.     

Ethylene–Propylene Copolymerisations: Effect of Metallocene Structure on Termination Reactions and Polymer Microstructure

Summary: Ethylene–propylene (EP) copolymerisations were performed with two sterically different metallocenes activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO) in an attempt to better understand the effect of catalyst structure on termination reactions and polymer microstructure. The metallocene precursors under investigation were rac‐dimethylsilylbis(2‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1‐indenyl)zirconium dichloride ( 1 ) and a more sterically hindered counterpart rac‐dimethylsilylbis(2‐isopropyl‐4‐[3,5‐dimethylphenyl]indenyl) zirconium dichloride ( 2 ). For both catalyst systems, the most common termination mechanism was chain transfer to aluminium. In addition, for polymer samples polymerised with 1 /MAO, chain growth was terminated by chain transfer to Zr metal in propylene‐rich polymerisations and by chain transfer to ethylene monomer in ethylene‐rich polymerisations. The steric hindrance of 2 was able to suppress the chain transfer to the ethylene monomer, and chain transfer to Zr metal was also found in the ethylene‐rich polymerisations. The greater steric hindrance of 2 also affected the EP copolymer microstructure: regioregularity in the propylene‐rich copolymers was greater and isotacticity less with 2 /MAO than with 1 /MAO.

The catalyst precursors used: rac‐dimethylsilylbis(2‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1‐indenyl)zirconium dichloride ( 1 ) and rac‐dimethylsilylbis(2‐isopropyl‐4‐[3,5‐dimethylphenyl]indenyl) zirconium dichloride ( 2 ).     

Search for intracranial aneurysm susceptibility gene(s) using Finnish families

Background

Cerebrovascular disease is the third leading cause of death in the United States, and about one-fourth of cerebrovascular deaths are attributed to ruptured intracranial aneurysms (IA). Epidemiological evidence suggests that IAs cluster in families, and are therefore probably genetic. Identification of individuals at risk for developing IAs by genetic tests will allow concentration of diagnostic imaging on high-risk individuals. We used model-free linkage analysis based on allele sharing with a two-stage design for a genome-wide scan to identify chromosomal regions that may harbor IA loci.

Methods

We previously estimated sibling relative risk in the Finnish population at between 9 and 16, and proceeded with a genome-wide scan for loci predisposing to IA. In 85 Finnish families with two or more affected members, 48 affected sibling pairs (ASPs) were available for our genetic study. Power calculations indicated that 48 ASPs were adequate to identify chromosomal regions likely to harbor predisposing genes and that a liberal stage I lod score threshold of 0.8 provided a reasonable balance between detection of false positive regions and failure to detect real loci with moderate effect.

Results

Seven chromosomal regions exceeded the stage I lod score threshold of 0.8 and five exceeded 1.0. The most significant region, on chromosome 19q, had a maximum multipoint lod score (MLS) of 2.6.

Conclusions

Our study provides evidence for the locations of genes predisposing to IA. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the genes and their role in the pathophysiology of IA, and to design genetic tests.     

Fine structure of the carotid body of the midterm human fetus

Summary The human fetal carotid body was studied using both histochemical and electron microscopic methods. The glomus cells of a mid term fetal carotid body evidently contain catecholamines. This was demonstrated both by formaldehyder-induced fluorescence of the cells and by the presence of typical dense-cored vesicles (diameter 1430–3200 Å) in the cytoplasm of the chief cells. The glomus cells were densely innervated and the synapses found on their surface were probably cholinergic in type, containing agranular synaptic vesicles measuring 400–700 Å in diameter with a few dense-cored vesicles measuring 900 to 1300 Å. Synapses were not found in any other cell type within the glomus caroticum. The prominent feature of the glomus cell cytoplasm was the presence of the dense-cored vesicles. The density of the vesicular core varied only slightly from cell to cell. There were no perceptible differences in vesicular size between the different cells. The glomus cells were mostly surrounded by the processes of the sustentacular cells, which usually also surrounded the capillary walls. No glomus cells were ever found in direct contact with the capillary wall. The capillaries were wide and very numerous over the restricted area of the organ. They formed sinusoidal loops, probably anastomosing with each other. Finally, the features of the fine structure are discussed, correlating the present findings with our knowledge about the adult functional carotic body.     

Glass transition kinetics of 2,6-disubstituted poly(oxyphenylene)s

Dynamic differential calorimetry measurements of poly(oxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene) and poly(oxy-2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene) at the glass transition range show that both the location and the shape of the curves are dependent upon the thermal history of the samples. The shape of the curves can be explained by means of the hole theory. The increase of length of side chain groups causes the glass transition to move to lower temperature which is attributed to the flexibility of the side chain substituents as well as to the decreased intermolecular effects. The apparent activation energies of the glass transition in poly(oxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene) and poly(oxy-2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene) follow the WILLIAMS -LANDEL -FERRY equation approaching the empirical curve for sterically restricted bulkly polymers devised by LEWIS .     

Function-blocking antibodies to human vascular adhesion protein-1: a potential anti-inflammatory therapy

Human vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a homodimeric 170-kDa sialoglycoprotein that is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and functions as a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase and as an adhesion molecule. Blockade of VAP-1 has been shown to reduce leukocyte adhesion and transmigration in in vivo and in vitro models, suggesting that VAP-1 is a potential target for anti-inflammatory therapy. In this study we have constructed mouse-human chimeric antibodies by genetic engineering in order to circumvent the potential problems involved in using murine antibodies in man. Our chimeric anti-VAP-1 antibodies, which were designed to lack Fc-dependent effector functions, bound specifically to cell surface-expressed recombinant human VAP-1 and recognized VAP-1 in different cell types in tonsil. Furthermore, the chimeric antibodies prevented leukocyte adhesion and transmigration in vitro and in vivo. Hence, these chimeric antibodies have the potential to be used as a new anti-inflammatory therapy.     

Force-, EMG-, and elasticity-velocity relationships at submaximal,maximal and supramaximal running speeds in sprinters

Summary The relationships between ground reaction forces, electromyographic activity (EMG), elasticity and running velocity were investigated at five speeds from submaximal to supramaximal levels in 11 male and 8 female sprinters. Supramaximal running was performed by a towing system. Reaction forces were measured on a force platform. EMGs were recorded telemetrically with surface electrodes from the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius muscles, and elasticity of the contact leg was evaluated with spring constant values measured by film analysis. Data showed increases in most of the parameters studied with increasing running speed. At supramaximal velocity (10.36±0.31 m×s⁻¹; 108.4±3.8%) the relative increase in running velocity correlated significantly (P<0.01) with the relative increase in stride rate of all subjects. In male subjects the relative change in stride rate correlated with the relative change of IEMG in the eccentric phase (P<0.05) between maximal and supramaximal runs. Running with the towing system caused a decrease in elasticity during the impact phase but this was significant (P<0.05) only in the female sprinters. The average net resultant force in the eccentric and concentric phases correlated significantly (P<0.05−0.001) with running velocity and stride length in the maximal run. It is concluded that (1) increased neural activation in supramaximal effort positively affects stride rate and that (2) average net resultant force as a specific force indicator is primarily related to stride length and that (3) the values in this indicator may explain the difference in running velocity between men and women.