Health services research using linked records: who consents and what is the gain?

OBJECTIVE: To assess consent to record linkage, describe the characteristics of consenters and compare self-report versus Medicare records of general practitioner use. METHOD: Almost 40,000 women in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health were sent a request by mail for permission to link their Medicare records and survey data. RESULTS: 19,700 women consented: 37% of young (18-23 years), 59% of mid-age (45-50 years) and 53% of older women (70-75 years). Consenters tended to have higher levels of education and, among the older cohort, were in better health than non-consenters. Women tended to under-report the number of visits to general practitioners. CONCLUSIONS: Record linkage of survey and Medicare data on a large scale is feasible. The linked data provide information on health and socio-economic status which are valuable for understanding health service utilisation. IMPLICATIONS: Linked records provide a powerful tool for health care research, particularly in longitudinal studies.     

Prevalence of surgical-site infections and patterns of antimicrobial use in a large tertiary-care hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have been conducted in Vietnam on the epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections or antimicrobial use. Thus, we sought to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for surgical-site infections (SSIs) and to document antimicrobial use in surgical patients in a large healthcare facility in Vietnam. METHODS: We conducted a point-prevalence survey of SSIs and antimicrobial use at Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, a 1,250-bed inpatient facility. All patients on the 11 surgical wards and 2 intensive care units who had surgery within 30 days before the survey date were included. RESULTS: Of 391 surgical patients, 56 (14.3%) had an SSI. When we compared patients with and without SSIs, factors associated with infection included trauma (relative risk [RR], 2.65; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.60 to 4.37; P < .001), emergency surgery (RR, 2.74; CI95, 1.65 to 4.55; P < .001), and dirty wounds (RR, 3.77; CI95, 2.39 to 5.96; P < .001). Overall, 198 (51%) of the patients received antimicrobials more than 8 hours before surgery and 390 (99.7%) received them after surgery. Commonly used antimicrobials included third-generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. Thirty isolates were identified from 26 SSI patient cultures; of the 25 isolates undergoing antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 22 (88%) were resistant to ceftriaxone and 24 (92%) to gentamicin. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that (1) SSIs are prevalent at Cho Ray Hospital; (2) antimicrobial use among surgical patients is widespread and inconsistent with published guidelines; and (3) pathogens often are resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. SSI prevention interventions, including appropriate use of antimicrobials, are needed in this population.     

Drugs to Treat Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Relationship between Current Use and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Objectives.  Cardiovascular risk is increased in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Drugs used to treat SLE can modify traditional cardiovascular risk factors. We examined the effect of selected drugs used in the treatment of SLE on cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods.  We compared systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum lipid concentrations, glucose, homocysteine, and urinary F₂-isoprostane concentrations in 99 patients with lupus who were either current users or non-users of systemic corticosteroids, antimalarials, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), COX-2 selective NSAIDs, azathioprine, and methotrexate. Multivariable adjustment was done with linear regression modeling using sex, age and disease activity (SLEDAI) as controlling variables.
Results.  Serum triglyceride concentrations were higher (135.1 ± 61.4 vs. 95.3 ± 47.5 mg/dL, adjusted P  = 0.003) in patients receiving corticosteroids. Homocysteine concentrations were marginally higher in patients receiving methotrexate (adjusted P  = 0.08). Current use of either NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitors was not associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors. Current hydroxychloroquine use was not associated with significant alterations in lipid profiles.
Conclusions.  In a non-random sample of patients with SLE, current corticosteroid use was associated with increased triglyceride concentrations, but other drugs had little effect on traditional cardiovascular risk factors.     

Interobserver Comparison of CT and MRI-Based Prostate Apex Definition Clinical Relevance for Conformal Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

BACKGROUND: CT is widely used for conformal radiotherapy treatment planning of prostate carcinoma. Its limitations are especially at the prostatic apex which cannot be separated from the urogenital diaphragm. The aim of this study was to compare the localization of the prostatic apex in CT and axial MRI to the sagittal MRI in an interobserver analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 22 patients with pathologically proven prostatic carcinoma were included in the analysis. In all patients sagittal and axial T2-weighted MRI and conventional CT were performed. The position of the MRI and CT apices were localized independently by three observers in relation to the intertrochanteric line. Additional subjective judgment of the ability to define the apical border of the prostatic gland was performed by a five-scaled score. RESULTS: The apex of the prostate could be discriminated statistically significant (p < 0.001) better in the MRI as compared to CT with best judgement for the sagittal MRI. The interobserver variation for the definition of the prostatic apex was statistically significant (p = 0.009) smaller for the sagittal MRI compared to axial MRI and CT. On the average the apex as determined by sagittal MRI, axial MRI and CT was located 29 mm, 27 mm and 24 mm above the intertrochanteric line. The apex defined by CT would have led to an additional treatment of 6-13 mm in 10/22 patients compared to the sagittal MRI, defined by axial MRI only in five patients. CONCLUSION: Additional MRI provides a superior anatomic information especially in the apical portion of the prostate. It should be recommended for every single patient in the treatment planning process. It helps to avoid an unnecessary irradiation of healthy tissue and could lead to a decrease of anal side effects and radiation-induced impotency due to a reduction of the extent of irradiated penile structures.     

Impact of cognitive-psychoeducational interventions in bipolar patients and their relatives.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, several controlled studies could show that psychoeducational interventions have been effective for relapse prevention in bipolar disorders. We therefore established a cognitive-psychoeducational group intervention with 14 sessions providing information about the illness, early warning signs, cognitive and behavioural strategies for stress management and social rhythm. Additionally we offered a group intervention for the patients' relatives. The objective of this study was to describe the outcome associated with our psychoeducational intervention in bipolar patients and their relatives. METHODS: Sixty-two bipolar patients attended 14 sessions (à 90 min) of cognitive-psychoeducational group therapy. Patients' knowledge of bipolar disorder and their satisfaction with the treatment were assessed using self-developed questionnaires before and after the group intervention. Additionally, 49 relatives of bipolar patients received two psychoeducational workshops of 4 hours each. We assessed demographic variables, burden, high expressed emotion and depressive symptoms of the relatives before and after the two workshops and at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Patients significantly improved their knowledge of bipolar disorder. They also have benefited from the discussions and the exchange of useful coping strategies. Burden and high expressed emotions showed no significant reductions at post-assessment, however they were significantly reduced at 1-year follow-up. Relatives also felt significantly better informed about the illness. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that psychoeducational interventions in bipolar patients and their relatives improve patients' and their relatives' knowledge of the illness and the burden of the disorder as well as high expressed emotions are reduced in relatives at 1-year follow-up.     

Toward a reliable distinction between patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer-type dementia versus major depression.

BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) and its alpha-secreted form (alpha-sAPP) were investigated as a means to distinguish between individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer-type dementia (DAT) and those with major depressive episode (MDE) showing secondary memory deficits. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with MCI, 32 with probable DAT, and 24 with MDE attending a memory clinic were studied. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of sAPP/amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) and alpha-sAPP were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: Patients with MDE had the highest CSF levels of total sAPP/APLP2 as compared with MCI and DAT patients (p < .001); sAPP/APLP2 levels were higher in MCI than in DAT subjects. Whereas alpha-sAPP levels did not differ between the MCI and DAT groups, median levels of this peptide were significantly lower in MCI and DAT versus MDE patients. CONCLUSIONS: Soluble amyloid precursor protein/APLP2 and alpha-sAPP concentrations in CSF can differentiate between DAT and MCI versus MDE, facilitating early ameliorative interventions and appropriate treatment regimens.