Clinical trial of a prevention and treatment protocol for skin breakdown in two nursing homes.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of skin care protocols, including a body wash and skin protectant, on skin breakdown in 2 nursing homes. DESIGN: This was a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest design study.Setting and subjects Adult residents (n = 136) of 2 skilled nursing homes consented to participate in this study. Seventy percent were women; the sample average age of 82 years. INSTRUMENTS: A researcher-designed data recording form documented resident demographics, incidence and type of skin breakdown or pressure ulcer, presence of urinary or fecal incontinence, and assessment of the effectiveness of body wash and skin protectant. METHODS: Baseline data on prevalence of pressure ulcers and skin protocol were collected weekly for a 3-month period followed by a week-long educational program by the researchers about skin care and the body wash and skin protectant. During the 3-month trial with the body wash and skin protectant incorporated into routine care, research assistants recorded resident data weekly and researchers again assessed prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers and skin breakdown weekly. RESULTS: Incorporation of a body wash and skin protectant into a skin care prevention and early intervention protocol in 2 nursing homes documented a decrease in skin breakdowns from 68 pre-intervention to 40 postintervention; the decrease in agency B was statistically significant. There was a statistically significant decrease in stage I and II pressure ulcer incidence overall (pre-intervention = 19.9%, postintervention = 8.1%). Nurses evaluated the body wash and skin protectant as effective for 98% of the time used. CONCLUSION: Implementation of a protocol for skin care along with staff education, including the prophylactic use of a body wash and skin protectant, reduced the incidence of skin breakdown, including pressure ulcers and perineal dermatitis, in 2 long-term care facilities.     

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. 3. 7-(3,5-Disubstituted [1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoic acids and their lactone derivatives

The syntheses of a series of 7-(3,5-disubstituted [1,1'-bephenyl]-2-yl)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoic acids and their lactones are reported. Intrinsic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitory activity is enhanced markedly when the biphenyl moiety is substituted by chloro or methyl groups at positions 3 and 5 and a fluoro group at position 4'. These substitutions, followed by resolution, provided compounds 100(+) and 110(+) with 2.8 times the intrinsic inhibitory activity of compactin. Compound 100(+) was shown to possess the same chirality in the lactone ring as compactin by single-crystal X-ray crystallography.     

Biphasic effect of GABAA receptor agonists on prolactin secretion: evidence for two types of GABAA receptor complex on lactotrophes

The effects of GABA receptor agonists on prolactin secretion in vitro was examined using a rapid superfusion system. GABA and muscimol caused a biphasic effect on prolactin secretion, both components of which were antagonised by bicuculline methiodide, while baclofen had no effect on basal or stimulated secretion, demonstrating the GABAA receptor specificity of both components. Homocarnosine caused only inhibition of secretion, and a range of partly rigid GABA analogues were relatively poor at causing stimulation of secretion. Both effects of muscimol were antagonised by low-chloride medium and the anion channel blocker DIDS, but strychnine and picrotoxinin were both potent and selective antagonists of the stimulatory effect. These results demonstrate a novel biphasic effect of GABAA agonists or prolactin secretion, the two components of which appear to be independent and mediated by different types or states of GABAA receptor/chloride channel complex.     

Preclinical curriculum characteristics and institutional performance on NBME. Part I

A study was conducted that analyzed the relationship between various characteristics of the preclinical curriculum and institutional performance on the Part I examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) at a sample of 85 U.S. medical schools. Total scheduled hours per week was the single curriculum characteristic having a positive and significant relationship with institutional NBME examination performance. However, when the data were controlled by medical school selectivity in admissions and institutional policy on the taking of the examination, total scheduled hours per week failed to make a significant contribution to the prediction of performance. The results were viewed as failing to provide support and justification for intense preclinical curriculum loads on the basis that this would enhance NBME examination performance. The authors conclude that simple comparisons of schools on the basis of mean NBME examination performance are meaningless unless the entering abilities of students and school policies on the examination are taken into account. The authors also suggest that those schools that prescribe heavy and intense preclinical curriculum loads should reexamine those policies in light of recommendations of the Project Panel on the General Professional Education of the Physician and College Preparation for Medicine.     

Exercise training and dietary chromium effects on glycogen, glycogen synthase, phosphorylase and total protein in rats

The effects of exercise training and dietary chromium intake on rat liver and muscle glycogen metabolism, tissue and body weight and feed consumption were examined. After 16 wk of training, liver, gastrocnemius and biceps femoris glycogen concentrations were higher in the trained compared to sedentary groups, independent of dietary chromium. There was a chromium x training interaction on glycogen synthase activities in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle. Liver glycogen phosphorylase activities (expressed per g liver) were lower in the chromium-supplemented rats as compared to the non-supplemented rats after 5 wk of dietary treatment, but were similar after 8 wk and higher after 18 wk. Gastrocnemius phosphorylase activity (expressed per mg protein) was lower in the trained rats as compared to the sedentary rats after 16 wk, independent of dietary chromium. Biceps femoris phosphorylase activities were not altered due to training or dietary chromium. Total protein concentration increased in the liver but decreased in the gastrocnemius due to dietary chromium. In summary, liver glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities were dependent upon dietary chromium. Dietary chromium altered gastrocnemius synthase, but not phosphorylase activities. Changes in enzyme activities may be related to the chromium-dependent effects on liver protein and the chromium and training-dependent effects on gastrocnemius total protein.     

Reversal of autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia following high-dose immunoglobulin

An 85-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed severe warm antibody-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Initial therapy with high-dose corticosteroids had no discernible effect on the hemolytic process. Following treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4 g/kg/d for 5 consecutive days) there was an immediate and sustained increase in hematocrit accompanied by a progressive decline in reticulocyte count. A review of the literature reveals that some patients with steroid-resistant immune hemolysis may benefit from high-dose immunoglobulin. This approach should be considered in elderly patients with severe anemia whose medical status precludes splenectomy.     

Battered and pregnant: a prevalence study.

We interviewed 290 pregnant women randomly selected from public and private prenatal clinics, 80 per cent of whom were at least five months pregnant (ages 18-43, 42 per cent Latino, 22 per cent Black). Twenty-four women reported physical battering during this pregnancy (44 reported physical battering before the current pregnancy). Eight of the 24 pregnant women had sought medical treatment for injuries sustained; none reported having been assessed by prenatal care providers for abuse.     

Limb-length discrepancy measured with computerized axial tomographic equipment

A simple, rapid, and accurate method for measuring limb-length discrepancies with computerized axial tomographic equipment is described. With this method less irradiation is delivered and some of the errors of computation are eliminated, compared with conventional methods. The costs of the technique are comparable with those of scanograms. The method is particularly applicable in the patient who has contracture of a joint.