Dreaming during non-rapid eye movement sleep in the absence of prior rapid eye movement sleep

STUDY OBJECTIVES: There is a long-standing controversy surrounding the existence of dream experiences during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Previous studies have not answered the question whether this "NREM dream" originates from the NREM sleep mechanism because the subject might simply be recalling experiences from the preceding rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. METHODS: We scheduled 11 healthy men to repeat 20-minute nap trials separated by 40-minute periods of enforced wakefulness across a period of 3 days. At the end of the nap trial, each participant answered questions regarding the formal aspects of his dream experiences during the nap trial, using the structured interviews. RESULTS: We obtained a total of 172 dream reports after naps containing REM sleep (REM naps) and 563 after naps consisting of only NREM sleep (NREM naps). Dream reports from NREM naps were less remarkable in quantity, vividness, and emotion than those from REM naps and were obtained more frequently during the morning hours when the occurrences of REM sleep were highest. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the polysomnographic manifestations of REM sleep are not required for dream experiences but that the mechanisms driving REM sleep alter experiences during NREM sleep in the morning. A subcortical activation similar to REM sleep may occur in human NREM sleep during the morning when REM sleep is most likely to occur, resulting in dream experiences during NREM sleep.     

Inactivation of the p16 gene by hypermethylation and loss of heterozygosity in adenocarcinoma of the lung

We investigated the aberrant promoter hypermethylation of p16, p15 and p14 genes and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 9p21-22 in 48 cases of adenocarcinoma of the lung. The frequencies of hypermethylation of genes were as follows: p16, 25.0%; p15, 22.9%; and p14, 18.8%. The frequency of LOH at chromosome 9p21-22 was 60.9%. The frequency of two-hit inactivation of the p16 gene by hypermethylation and LOH was 21.7%. Two-hit inactivation of the p16 gene showed loss of protein expression and was significantly correlated with tumor size, tumor grade and the Ki-67 labeling index. Hypermethylation of the p16 gene was not significantly correlated with hypermethylation of the p15 and p14 genes, both of which are close to the p16 gene locus, suggesting that hypermethylation of these genes occurs selectivity. In conclusion, biallelic inactivation of the p16 gene by hypermethylation and LOH might cause loss of p16 expression and play an important role in the development of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Therefore, controlling and monitoring for hypermethylation of the p16 gene may be partially useful for treatment and early diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung.     

Expression profiling of cytokines and related genes in regenerating skeletal muscle after cardiotoxin injection: a role for osteopontin

To examine the roles of cytokines in muscle regeneration, we injected cardiotoxin into mouse tibialis anterior muscle and examined the expression profiles of cytokines and related genes in the regeneration process. Expression of 40, 64, and 7 genes among 522 genes spotted on a cytokine expression array were increased more than fivefold at 48 hours, 96 hours, and 7 days after toxin injection, respectively, when compared with those of the control muscle. Especially the levels of mRNA for chemokines and chemokine receptors, many of which are potent regulators of macrophages, were highly elevated 48 hours after injury. The expression of osteopontin (OPN), a versatile regulator of inflammation and tissue repair, was up-regulated more than 118-fold in regenerating muscle at 48 hours after injury. Northern blotting confirmed that the expression of OPN was highest at 48 hours after cardiotoxin injection and declined sharply thereafter. Immunohistochemistry showed that OPN was detected both in the cytoplasm of macrophages and in necrotic muscle infiltrated with macrophages. Our studies suggest OPN may serve as an adhesion molecule that promotes macrophage binding to necrotic fibers and may be an important mediator in the early phase of muscle regeneration.     

Two cases of limited cutaneous nodular amyloidosis with primary Sj?gren's syndrome]

We described two female patients with primary Sj?gren's syndrome associated with localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis (LCNA), in which amyloid protein was derived from immunoglobulin light chain. Case 1; a 70-year-old female had complained with polyarthralgia, low-grade fever and parotid gland swelling. She was diagnosed as primary Sj?gren's syndrome. Three years later she noticed brown color small tumor on the thigh and yellow to brown nodules on the bilateral calves of legs. Skin biopsy from the left thigh revealed amyloid L protein deposition, which was positive for anti-lambda light chain staining, in almost entire dermis. Infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells around the amyloid deposit were prominent. Case 2; a 51-year-old female had noticed increasing eruption on the hip. Skin biopsy revealed amyloid L protein deposition in the dermis, which was negative for anti-lambda nor kappa light chain staining. When she was refereed to our hospital, she complained of xerostomia and xerophthalmia. She was diagnosed as primary Sj?gren's syndrome. In both cases, histological examination of a minor salivary gland biopsy revealed infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells but not amyloid deposit. Serum M protein and urine Bence-Jones protein were not detected. These cases represent localized amyloidosis without systemic involvement. It is widely recognized that Sj?gren's syndrome is frequently accompanied by B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. In LCNA, infiltration of plasma cells around the amyloid deposits was frequently prominent. The relation between these two disorders is discussed.     

Reduced NR2A expression and prolonged decay of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic current in rat vagal motoneurons following axotomy

To elucidate characteristic changes in the N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor on neurons following axotomy, subunit expressions and functional features of the NMDA receptor were examined in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMV) of rats receiving vagal axotomy at the neck. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that the expression of NR2A decreased 2–3 days after in vivo axotomy, while expression of NR1 and NR2B, NR2C and NR2D subunits did not change significantly. To examine the functional changes, patch clamp recordings in whole-cell mode were employed on the axotomized DMV neurons identified by retrograde labelling with fluorescent dye. The amplitude ratios of ifenprodil-sensitive components of NMDA response and d , l -2-amino-5-phosphovaleric acid (APV)-sensitive evoked postsynaptic current increased after axotomy. In addition, APV-sensitive postsynaptic currents exhibited a longer decay time in identified axotomized vagal motoneurons than in control neurons. No significant differences in the current density of the NMDA response and the peak amplitude of APV-sensitive synaptic currents were observed between axotomized and intact DMV neurons. In conclusion, a decrease in NR2A expression results in the appearance of functional characteristics of the NMDA receptor predominantly containing the NR2B subunit. This might lead to a long-term increase of the susceptibility of neurons to excitotoxicity.     

A missense mutation in the proteolipid protein gene responsible for Pelizaeus--Merzbacher disease in a Japanese family

We investigated the proteolipid protein (PLP) gene of two boysin a Japanese family with Pelizaeus—Merzbacher disease(PMD), an X-linked neurologic disorder characterized by dysmyelinationin the central nervous system (CNS). The patients showed similarclinical signs from birth and autopsy on the elder brother confirmeda connatal type of PMD. Direct sequencing of the PLP gene andPLP mRNAs from the brain of the PMD patient revealed a G toT transition in exon V of the PLP gene, which leads to a glycineto cystein substitution at residue 220. Allele-specific oligonucleotidehybridization revealed that this mutation was also present inhis brother, but was absent in 100 X chromosomes of normal Japaneseindividuals. Northern blot analysis showed that the mRNA levelsof PLP and myelin basic protein, two major myelin proteins producedby oligodendrocytes, were much reduced in the PMD brain, hence,there was a specific loss of oligodendrocytes. It seems likelythat the substitution is responsible for PMD (connatal type)in this particular family and causes oligodendrocytes deathin the CNS.     

Zinc Pharmacotherapy for Elderly Osteoporotic Patients with Zinc Deficiency in a Clinical Setting

Although there have been reported associations between zinc and bone mineral density (BMD), no reports exist on the effect of zinc treatment in osteoporotic patients. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy and safety of zinc pharmacotherapy in Japanese elderly patients. The present investigation included 122 osteoporotic patients with zinc deficiency, aged ≥65 years, who completed 12 months of follow-up. In addition to standard therapy for osteoporosis in a clinical setting, the subjects received oral administration of 25 mg zinc (NOBELZIN^®, an only approved drug for zinc deficiency in Japan) twice a day. BMD and laboratory data including bone turnover markers were collected at 0 (baseline), 6, and 12 months of zinc treatment. Neither serious adverse effects nor incident fractures were seen during the observation period. Serum zinc levels were successfully elevated by zinc administration. BMD increased significantly from baseline at 6 and 12 months of zinc treatment. Percentage changes of serum zinc showed significantly positive associations with those of BMD. Bone formation markers rose markedly from the baseline values, whereas bone resorption markers displayed moderate or no characteristic changes. Additive zinc supplementation may contribute to BMD augmentation ensuing the prevention of fracture occurrence in elderly osteoporotic patients with zinc deficiency.     

Diagnostic impact of monitoring transcranial motor-evoked potentials to prevent ischemic complications during endovascular treatment for intracranial aneurysms

Neurosurgical Review - The present study aimed to determine the incidence of intraprocedural motor-evoked potential (MEP) changes and to correlate them with intraprocedural ischemic complications...     

Hereditary Apolipoprotein A-1 Amyloidosis With Glu34Lys Mutation Treated by Liver Transplantation: A Case Report

Hereditary apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) amyloidosis is a rare disease characterized by progressive deposition of amyloid fibrils in the kidney, heart, and liver. We observed a 45-year-old male patient with liver failure. Liver dysfunction was detected at 30 years of age during an annual health check-up. At 35 years of age, renal dysfunction was also found. At 40 years of age, the pathologic findings of the liver revealed amyloid deposition. A testis biopsy specimen taken at 42 years of age to identify the cause of male infertility showed amyloid accumulation. At 43 years of age, the amyloid results and genetic profile led to a definitive diagnosis of hereditary ApoA-1 amyloidosis caused by Glu34Lys mutation. A family history was absent. Liver failure showed Budd-Chiari–like formation, including enlargement of the caudate lobe and liver congestion. Although the patient showed end-stage liver cirrhosis and renal failure, only liver transplant was performed considering the burden for a living donor. The enlarged liver (4.9 kg) showed amyloid deposition in parenchyma and the space of Disse. Amyloid also accumulated in the giant spleen. The APOA1 mutation Glu34Lys is extremely rare, and in this case hepatic failure was successfully treated by liver transplant to both replace organ function and reduce production of the amyloidogenic ApoA-1–variant protein. Careful observation for reaccumulation of amyloidosis in the organ is required.