Fusion between membranes is mediated by specific SNARE complexes. Here we report that fibroblasts survive the absence of the trans-Golgi network/early endosomal SNARE vti1a and the late endosomal SNARE vti1b with intact organelle morphology and minor trafficking defects. Because vti1a and vti1b are the only members of their SNARE subclass and the yeast homolog Vti1p is essential for cell survival, these data suggest that more distantly related SNAREs acquired the ability to function in endosomal traffic during evolution. However, absence of vti1a and vti1b resulted in perinatal lethality. Major axon tracts were missing, reduced in size, or misrouted in Vti1a(-/-) Vti1b(-/-) embryos. Progressive neurodegeneration was observed in most Vti1a(-/-) Vti1b(-/-) peripheral ganglia. Neurons were reduced by more than 95% in Vti1a(-/-) Vti1b(-/-) dorsal root and geniculate ganglia at embryonic day 18.5. These data suggest that special demands for endosomal membrane traffic could not be met in Vti1a(-/-) Vti1b(-/-) neurons. Vti1a(-/-) and Vti1b(-/-) single deficient mice were viable without these neuronal defects, indicating that they can substitute for each other in these processes. 相似文献
In Nepal, most births take place at home, and many, particularly in rural areas, are not attended by a skilled birth attendant. The main objectives of the study were to assess the use of skilled delivery care and barriers to access such care in a rural community and to assess health problems during delivery and seeking care. This cross-sectional study was carried out in two Village Development Committees in Nepal in 2006. In total, 150 women who had a live birth in the 24 months preceding the survey were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The sample population included married women aged 15-49 years. Forty-six (31%) women delivered their babies at hospital, and 104 (69%) delivered at home. The cost of delivery at hospital was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of a delivery at home. Results of univariate analysis showed that women from Brahmin-Chhetri ethnicity, women with higher education or who were more skilled, whose husbands had higher education and more skilled jobs, had first or second childbirth, and having adverse previous obstetric history were associated with institutional delivery while women with higher education and having an adverse history of pregnancy outcome predicted the uptake of skilled delivery care in Nepal. The main perceived problems to access skilled delivery care were: distance to hospital, lack of transportation, lack of awareness on delivery care, and cost. The main reasons for seeking intrapartum care were long labour, retained placenta, and excessive bleeding. Only a quarter of women sought care immediately after problems occurred. The main reasons seeking care late were: the woman or her family not perceiving that there was a serious problem, distance to health facility, and lack of transport. The use of skilled birth attendants at delivery among rural women in Nepal is very poor. Home delivery by unskilled birth attendants is still a common practice among them. Many associated factors relating to the use of skilled delivery care that were identified included age, education and occupation of women, and education and occupation of husbands. Therefore, the availability of skilled delivery care services at the community, initiation of a primary health centre with skilled staff for delivery, and increasing awareness among women to seek skilled delivery care are the best solution. 相似文献
The efficacy of primary prophylaxis with atovaquone in preventing Toxoplasma reactivation and disease in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients is unknown. We describe 2 cases of atovaquone prophylaxis failure in pre‐HCT Toxoplasma‐seropositive (pre‐HCTSP) recipients who underwent allogeneic HCT (allo‐HCT) and review the literature on atovaquone prophylaxis in HCT recipients. 相似文献
To screen for asymptomatic respiratory carriage of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Group A Streptococcus (GAS) in children attending JIPMER, correlate carriage rate with different socio-demographic factors and to detect antimicrobial
resistance among the isolates. 相似文献
Summary: The effect of [L]/[CuI] ratio, ligand, the choice of solvent and temperature on the activation rate constants in ATRP with catalyst complexes formed with two pyridylmethanimine ligands [PMI, i.e., N‐propyl‐pyridylmethanimine (NPPMI) and N‐octyl‐pyridylmethanimine (NOPMI)] were studied. Maximal values for the apparent rate constants were observed at an [L]/[CuI] ratio of ∼2/1 and 1/1 in polar and nonpolar solvents, respectively. This is similar to the results obtained with the CuI/bpy system and was attributed to the formation of [CuI/L2]+Br− and [CuI/L2]+CuIBr species. The CuI/NPPMI system was only soluble in polar reaction media; however, the CuI/NOPMI complex was soluble in both polar and less polar reaction media. The activation rate constants increased with increasing temperature and the value of activation energy (Ea) for CuI/NPPMI in the activation process was 58.1 kJ · M −1 · K−1.
Arrhenius plot of ln ka versus 1/T for the activation process for NPPMI and bpy in acetonitrile; [CuIBr/NPPMI2]0 ([CuIBr/bpy2]0)/[EtBriB]0/[TEMPO]0/[TCB]0 = 20/1/10/2 × 10−3 M . 相似文献
A 40-year-old male presented with a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure. MRI revealed an enhancing, dural-based, left lateral sphenoid wing lesion suggestive of a meningioma. At microsurgical excision, the lesion was firm and relatively avascular. The histopathological report revealed S-100 positive histiocytic proliferation with lymphophagocytosis (emperipolesis) characteristic of the Rosai-Dorfman disease. The case and its management are discussed. 相似文献
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that most often causes asymptomatic infection in the immunocompetent population. In immunocompromised patients, including solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients, however, it is likely to cause severe life‐threatening infection. Post‐transplant histoplasmosis (PTH) in SOT is uncommon with an incidence of ≤1% and is even rarer in HCT patients. The majority of PTH in SOT is diagnosed in the first 2 years following transplantation. Histoplasmosis may result from endogenous reactivation of latent infection, de novo post‐transplant acquisition, and donor‐derived infection. Disseminated infection is common. Fever is the most common symptom and clinical features are often nonspecific, but patients with disseminated infection may present with a septic picture. Other features, including pancytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly, may not be prominent early in the course of illness. Contemporary histoplasma antigen assays are the most sensitive tests but cross‐reactivity with antigens of other fungi, including with Aspergillus galactomannan, is not uncommon. Treatment should be continued for at least a year. Histoplasma antigen levels have prognostic value and can be used to monitor the response to therapy. The attributable mortality is approximately 10%. Routine screening of donors and recipients is not currently recommended. 相似文献