Objective: To evaluate the frequencies of fetal facial expressions among appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), small-for-gestational-age (SGA), and growth-restricted (FGR) fetuses.
Methods: Four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound was used to examine the facial expressions of 50 AGA, 25 SGA, and six FGR fetuses between 28 and 35 weeks of gestation. The frequencies of seven facial expressions during 15-minute recordings were assessed. Comparison of facial expressions among the three groups was performed.
Results: Mouthing was the commonest facial expression at 28–35 weeks, and the frequency of mouthing was significantly higher than those of the other six facial expressions in AGA fetuses. Mouthing was the most frequent facial expression, but there was no significant difference in the frequency among mouthing, smiling and blinking in SGA fetuses. Moreover, mouthing displayed a significantly higher frequency than the other facial expressions, except for yawning, smiling, and blinking in FGR fetuses. However, there was no significant difference in the frequency of each facial expression among the three groups.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that the frequencies of fetal facial expressions are not decreased in either SGA or FGR pregnancies. The absence of a decrease in the frequency of each fetal expression in FGR fetuses may be due to increased brain blood flow because of the brain-sparing effect. Moreover, accelerated maturation and development of the brain function, especially the central dopamine system, might be suspected in SGA and FGR fetuses. 相似文献
Background/objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of a more biologic parameter for evaluation of the effect of nuchal cord tightness; the study of blood flow in the umbilical arteries of nuchal cord using Doppler ultrasonography.
Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital, Cairo, Egypt in the period between August 2015 and August 2017. Hundred primigravidas were recruited with nuchal cord diagnosed by Doppler ultrasonography; whereas the rest of the study population was included in the “Control group”. Doppler velocimetry study was then performed on a free-floating loop of the umbilical cord and Doppler indices were calculated. Both groups were followed up during labor: intrapartum events, mode of delivery, and neonatal outcome were recorded.
Results: Intrapartum fetal heart rate abnormalities were significantly more common in the nuchal cord group compared to the control group. The overall cardiotocography category was significantly more commonly reflecting abnormal fetal heart rate patterns in the nuchal cord group compared to the control group with 46.74% of the nuchal group patients falling within the “suspicious – pathological – need urgent intervention” categories. Intervention rate was significantly higher in the nuchal cord group than the control group (33.69 versus 21.84%). Moreover, incidence of intrapartum fetal heart rate abnormalities and intervention rate were significantly higher in the nuchal cord with abnormal Doppler subgroup compared to both nuchal cord with normal Doppler subgroup and the control group; with a calculated number needed to harm of 2.11.
Conclusions: In view of these results, it might be concluded that umbilical cord tightness affecting fetal hemodynamics (expressed by changes in umbilical artery Doppler) might be a determinate factor affecting the intrapartum course. 相似文献
Objective: The aim of the study was to assess whether vaginal administration of misoprostol before copper intrauterine device (IUD) insertion increased the success of the procedure among parous women with previous insertion failure.
Methods: A single-centre, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, between October 2015 and August 2016. The study comprised 90 parous women undergoing TCu380A IUD insertion after a failed attempt. A computer-generated list of random numbers was used to assign participants to receive either misoprostol 200?μg or a placebo tablet, applied vaginally 10?h and 4?h prior to the second attempted IUD insertion, without ultrasound guidance. The primary outcome was the success of IUD insertion. Secondary outcomes were to establish the effect on insertion success of cervical dilation, cervical softening and previous mode of delivery.
Results: Forty-two women (93.3%) in the misoprostol group and 24 women (53.3%) in the placebo group had a successful IUD insertion (p?<?.001). Cervical dilation was required in 24 women in the misoprostol group and 44 women in the placebo group. Misoprostol application significantly increased insertion success in women with previous caesarean delivery (p?<?.001) but did not affect insertion success in women with previous vaginal delivery (p?=?.481).
Conclusion: Vaginal misoprostol before IUD insertion in parous women with previous insertion failure increased the rate of successful insertion, particularly in women with previous caesarean delivery. 相似文献
The hallmarks of germline(g) and/or somatic(s) BRCA1/2 mutation ovarian cancer (BMOC) patients are increased sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy (PCT) and PARP inhibitors (PARPi). There is little information on the effectiveness of chemotherapy in heavily pretreated (≥3 CT lines) g/sBMOC patients.
Methods
g/sBMOC patients who received CT from 2006 to 2016 at 4 cancer centers in Spain were selected. Overall survival (OS) and time to progression (TTP) were calculated with Kaplan Meier and Cox models.
Results
135?g/sBMOC patients were identified (6% sBRCA1/2 mutations). The median number of chemotherapy lines was 2 (1–7). The 6-years OS rate was 69.4% and 71% in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers (p?=?0.98). A total of 57 (42%) patients had ≥3 CT lines (3–7), which encompassed a total of 155 treatments. The median overall TTP across all treatment lines beyond 2nd line was 10.2?months (CI 95% 8.4–11.9?months). In the platinum-sensitive setting, TTP was improved with PCT plus PARPi (17.1?m), PCT (12.6?m) or PARPi (12.4?m) versus non-PCT (4.9?m; p?<?0.001 all comparisons). In the platinum-resistant setting, these differences in TTP were not statistically significant. A multivariate model confirmed that primary platinum-free interval (PFI)?>?12?months and exposure to PCT and PARPi associated with improved outcomes. PARPi exposure did not compromise benefit of subsequent CT beyond 2nd relapse.
Conclusions
Heavily pretreated g/sBMOC demonstrated CT sensitivity, including for non-PCT choices. Primary platinum-free interval (PFI) >12?months and exposure to both platinum-based chemotherapy and PARPi associate with improved prognosis in heavily pretreated g/sBMOC patients. 相似文献
To compare the efficacy of oral diclofenac potassium versus hyoscine-N-butyl bromide (HBB) in reducing pain perception in patients undergoing diagnostic office hysteroscopy (OH).
Design
A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (Canadian Task Force classification I).
Setting
A university hospital.
Interventions
One-hundred twenty-nine patients were divided randomly into 3 groups (n?=?43 in each group); group 1 received 50mg diclofenac potassium, group 2 received 20mg HBB, and group 3 received placebo tablets. All tablets were taken orally 1hour before OH. The primary outcome was the participant's self-rated pain perception using the 10-point visual analog scale during the procedure. The secondary outcomes included the visual analog scale score 30 minutes after OH, ease of OH assessment using a 10-cm scale, duration of OH, and adverse effects of the study medications.
Measurements and Main Results
Both the diclofenac and HBB groups showed significant pain score reduction compared with the placebo group (p?=?.001). The mean pain score in the diclofenac group was significantly lower than the HBB group (2.12 ± 1.03vs 3.02 ± 1.55, respectively; p?=?.002). The pain scores in the diclofenac and HBB groups immediately after OH were significantly lower than the placebo group (p?=?.001), and the mean pain score in the diclofenac group was significantly lower than the HBB group (1.23 ± 0.57vs 1.56 ± 0.73, respectively; p?=?.024). The ease of procedure score was significantly lower in the diclofenac and HBB groups than the placebo group (p?=?.003 and p?=?.005, respectively). The mean duration of the procedure was significantly less in the diclofenac group (p?=?.01). Fourteen women (32.6%) in the HBB group experienced dizziness and 2 women (4.6%) had nausea, whereas only 4 women (9.3%) in the diclofenac group had dizziness and 2 women (4.6%) had vomiting.
Conclusion
Oral diclofenac potassium administration 1hour before diagnostic OH reduces the procedure pain with subsequent easier and shorter OH duration. Oral HBB is less effective than diclofenac potassium with more adverse effects. 相似文献
IntroductionGenital morphology (especially male) among the animal kingdom is characterized by extensive differences that even members of closely related species with similar general morphology may have remarkably diverse genitalia.AimTo present the sexual medicine specialist with a basic understanding of the current hypotheses on genital evolution with an emphasis on the sexual selection theories.MethodsA review of current literature on the theories of genital evolution.Main Outcome MeasuresAnalysis of the supporting evidence for the sexual selection theories of genital evolution.ResultsSeveral theories have been proposed to explain genital evolution. Currently, the sexual selection theories are being considered to present valid and solid evidence explaining genital evolution. However, other theories, including sexual conflict, are still being investigated. All theories of genital evolution have their own weaknesses and strengths.ConclusionsGiven that many complex biological mechanisms, mostly unknown yet, are involved in the process of genital evolution, it is thus reasonable to conclude that not one theory can independently explain genital evolution. It is likely that these mechanisms may prove to have synergistic rather than exclusive effects. Shamloul R, El-Sakka A, and Bella AJ. Sexual selection and genital evolution: An overview.相似文献
IntroductionThe combination of lesions of the penile urethra and the corpus cavernosum is rare and is likely to worsen the immediate and long-term prognosis.AimTo assess the late effects of penile fractures complicated by urethral rupture treated by immediate surgical intervention.MethodsFourteen patients with concomitant urethral rupture were treated surgically at our center. Those patients were seen in the outpatient follow-up clinic and were re-evaluated.Main Outcome MeasuresSexual Health Inventory for Men questionnaire, local examination, uroflowmetry and penile color Doppler ultrasound.ResultsThe most common cause of penile fracture is sexual intercourse (50%). The site of tunical tear was in the proximal shaft of the penis in 3 patients (21%) and in the mid of the shaft in 11 patients (79%). Urethral injury was localized at the same level as the corpus cavernosum tear in all cases; and it was partial in 11 cases and complete in 3. Long-term follow-up (mean = 90 months) was available for 12 patients; among whom there was no complications in 4 (33%), painful erection in 1 (8%), erectile dysfunction in 2 (17%), and palpable fibrous nodule in 5 (47%). All patients had a normal urinary flow except one who developed relative urethral narrowing that required regular dilatation for 1 month.ConclusionsThe urethral injury complicating penile fracture is often partial and localized at the level of the corpora cavenosa tear. Standard treatment consists of immediate surgical repair of both urethral and corporal ruptures with no harmful long-term sequelae on urethral and erectile function in most of patients. El-Assmy A, El-Tholoth HS, Mohsen T, and Ibrahiem EHI. Long-term outcome of surgical treatment of penile fracture complicated by urethral rupture.相似文献
Objective To assess the zinc status in Bangladeshi children suffering from severe protein energy malnutrition (severe PEM), acute lower
respiratory infection (ALRI), PEM presented with ALRI and to evaluate the relationship of zinc status with aforementioned
clinical conditions.
Methods We assessed zinc status by simultaneous estimation of serum and hair zinc of Bangladeshi children less than 5 yr of age suffering
from severe PEM, ALRI, severe PEM presented with ALRI and compared them with zinc status of well-nourished healthy children
(control) in a hospital based cross sectional four cell study. Zinc concentration was estimated by Flame atomic absorption
spectrophotometry.
Results Total one hundred and fifty two children were enrolled and number of children enrolled in severe PEM, ALRI, ALRI with PEM
and control were 47, 35, 32 and 38 respectively. Both serum and hair zinc in univariate analysis were found significantly
(p<0.05) low in severe PEM, ALRI and severe PEM associated with ALRI. However, in multivariate analysis, when serum and hair
zinc were included in the same model, both serum and hair zinc were found to have significant negative association with PEM
(p=0.002 & 0.013 respectively) and with ALRI only when ALRI was associated with PEM (p=0.043 and 0.034 respectively).
Conclusion Severe PEM and PEM with ALRI were significantly associated with low zinc status. 相似文献