Powerful bactericidal activity of moxifloxacin in human leprosy

In a clinical trial of moxifloxacin in eight multibacillary leprosy patients, moxifloxacin proved highly effective. In all trial patients, a single 400-mg dose of moxifloxacin resulted in significant killing (P ≤ 0.006) of Mycobacterium leprae, ranging from 82% to 99%, with a mean of 91%. In all instances, no viable bacilli were detected with an additional 3 weeks of daily therapy, this observed rapid bactericidal activity being matched previously only by rifampin. On moxifloxacin therapy, skin lesions cleared exceedingly rapidly with definite improvement observed consistently after eight doses and progressive resolution continuing for the 56 days of the trial. Side effects, toxicities, and laboratory abnormalities were mild, not requiring discontinuation of therapy.     

Feasibility and potential effect of a low-cost virtual reality system on reducing pain and anxiety in adult burn injury patients during physiotherapy in a developing country

Objective

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the feasibility and potential effect of a low-cost VR system (eMagin Z800 3DVisor), used in conjunction with pharmacological analgesia, on reducing pain and anxiety in adult burn patients undergoing physiotherapy treatment, compared to pharmacologic analgesia alone at a South African hospital.

Study design

Single-blind, within-subject study design.

Methods

Pain and anxiety outcome measures were measured by a blinded assessor using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and Burn Specific Pain and Anxiety Scale. Box-and-whisker plot method, Chi-square tests as well as the Student's paired t-test were used to analyze data.

Main findings

Eleven eligible adult burn patients consented to participate in this study (3 female, 8 male; median age 33 years: range 23–54 years). A marginal (p = 0.06) to insignificant (p = 0.13) difference between the two sessions (analgesia with VR and analgesia without VR) in reducing pain was found. No significant difference (p = 0.58) was found between the two sessions (analgesia with VR and analgesia without VR) for anxiety.

Conclusion

There seems to be a trend that the low-cost VR system, when added to routine pharmacological analgesics, is a safe technique and could be of considerable benefit if implemented into the pain management regime of burn units at a South African hospital.     

Whole genome scanning identifies genotypes associated with recurrence and metastasis in prostate tumors

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous neoplasm among American males and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Prostate specific antigen screening has resulted in earlier disease detection, yet approximately 30% of men will die of metastatic disease. Slow disease progression, an aging population and associated morbidity and mortality underscore the need for improved disease classification and therapies. To address these issues, we analyzed a cohort of patients using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). The cohort comprises 64 patients, half of whom recurred postoperatively. Analysis of the aCGH profiles revealed numerous recurrent genomic copy number aberrations. Specific loss at 8p23.2 was associated with advanced stage disease, and gain at 11q13.1 was found to be predictive of postoperative recurrence independent of stage and grade. Moreover, comparison with an independent set of metastases revealed approximately 40 candidate markers associated with metastatic potential. Copy number aberrations at these loci may define metastatic genotypes.     

Electroactive controlled release thin films

We present the fabrication of nanoscale electroactive thin films that can be engineered to undergo remotely controlled dissolution in the presence of a small applied voltage (+1.25 V) to release precise quantities of chemical agents. These films, which are assembled by using a nontoxic, FDA-approved, electroactive material known as Prussian Blue, are stable enough to release a fraction of their contents after the application of a voltage and then to restabilize upon its removal. As a result, it is possible to externally trigger agent release, exert control over the relative quantity of agents released from a film, and release multiple doses from one or more films in a single solution. These electroactive systems may be rapidly and conformally coated onto a wide range of substrates without regard to size, shape, or chemical composition, and as such they may find use in a host of new applications in drug delivery as well as the related fields of tissue engineering, medical diagnostics, and chemical detection.     

Acute toxicities and hematological effects of two substituted naphthoquinones in channel catfish

The acute toxicities and hematological effects of menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphtho-quinone) and dichlone (2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphtho-quinone) were examined in yearling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). These compounds served as models for quinones, which comprise a diverse group of compounds that enter aquatic systems from numerous sources. The 96-hr LC₅₀'s measured were 720 g/L and 42 g/L for menadione and dichlone, respectively. In subsequent experiments, fish were exposed for 21 days to concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 times the LC₅₀ value of each compound. For both compounds, generally dose-dependent increases in methemoglobin concentrations and dose-dependent reductions in hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit ratios were observed. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that these compounds are toxic in part due to their ability to undergo redox cycling and thereby generate reactive oxygen species. However, other modes of action, such as direct enzyme inhibition, may also be important.     

Prolactin serum levels and breast cancer: relationships with risk factors and tumour characteristics among pre- and postmenopausal women in a population-based case–control study from Poland

Background:

Previous prospective studies have found an association between prolactin (PRL) levels and increased risk of breast cancer. Using data from a population-based breast cancer case–control study conducted in two cities in Poland (2000–2003), we examined the association of PRL levels with breast cancer risk factors among controls and with tumour characteristics among the cases.

Methods:

We analysed PRL serum levels among 773 controls without breast cancer matched on age and residence to 776 invasive breast cancer cases with available pretreatment serum. Tumours were centrally reviewed and prepared as tissue microarrays for immunohistochemical analysis. Breast cancer risk factors, assessed by interview, were related to serum PRL levels among controls using analysis of variance. Mean serum PRL levels by tumour characteristics are reported. These associations also were evaluated using polytomous logistic regression.

Results:

Prolactin levels were associated with nulliparity in premenopausal (P=0.05) but not in postmenopausal women. Associations in postmenopausal women included an inverse association with increasing body mass index (P=0.0008) and direct association with use of recent/current hormone therapy (P=0.0006). In case-only analyses, higher PRL levels were more strongly associated with lobular compared with ductal carcinoma among postmenopausal women (P=0.02). Levels were not different by tumour size, grade, node involvement or oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status.

Conclusions:

Our analysis demonstrates that PRL levels are higher among premenopausal nulliparous as compared with parous women. Among postmenopausal women, levels were higher among hormone users and lower among obese women. These results may have value in understanding the mechanisms underlying several breast cancer risk factor associations.