腹腔镜直肠系膜全切除术难点和争议

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术（TME）治疗中低位直肠癌仍然限于临床研究,其原因是腹腔镜TME难度大、直肠末端裸化困难及难以保证远切端切缘阴性,在肥胖及盆腔小的患者中尤为明显。但越来越多的临床试验证明腹腔镜TME可达到与开腹手术同样的根治效果,并具有创伤小、术后恢复快和并发症少等优点。因此有必要对TME的难点和争议进行探讨,有助于进一步提高对腹腔镜TME的认识。     

腹腔镜与开腹完整结肠系膜切除术的疗效比较

目的探讨腹腔镜与开腹结肠癌完整结肠系膜切除术（CME）疗效的差异。方法收集2000年9月至2008年12月问福建医科大学附属协和医院外科同一组医师连续实施的273例结肠癌CME手术患者的临床资料,其中腹腔镜手术147例,开腹手术126例,比较两组术后的肿瘤根治性及远期疗效。结果两组的近端切缘、远端切缘长度及淋巴结清扫数目的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。273例患者中．有251例（91．9％）接受了术后随访,中位随访时间50个月。腹腔镜组与开腹组的局部复发率分别为6．1％（9／147）和7．9％（10／126）,远处转移率分别为23．8％（35／147）和16．7％（21／126）,差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。两组5年总生存率分别为69．4％和74．0％,5年无瘤生存率分别为68．5％和70．9％,差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论腹腔镜结肠癌CME手术能达到与开腹手术相同的肿瘤根治范围,有望成为结肠癌新的手术规范。     

腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌根治术后并发症发生率的比较

目的探讨腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌根治术后并发症发生率的差异。方法对2000年1月至2011年9月同一组医师连续实施的910例腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术（腹腔镜组）和434例开腹结直肠癌根治术（开腹手术组）患者术后并发症发生情况的差异进行对比分析。结果腹腔镜组中转开腹48例（5．3％,48／910）,其中36例（75．0％,36／48）系因肥胖或骨盆狭窄致手术操作及显露困难。腹腔镜组和开腹手术组术后并发症总发生率分别为20．3％（185／910）和25．3％（110／434）（X^2=4．316,P〈0．05）;造口亚组中吻合口瘘的发生率分别为2．1％（3／145）和2．2％（2／93）（X^2=0．002,P〉0．05）,吻合1：3出血的发生率分别为3．4％（5／145）和4．3％（4／93）（X^2=0．113,P〉0．05）,未造口亚组中吻合口瘘的发生率分别为3．1％（22／699）和1．0％（3／301）（X^2=3．993,P〈0．05）,吻合口出血的发生率分别为1．6％（11／699）和2．3％（7／301）（X^2=0．673,P〉0．05）;肠梗阻的发生率分别为3．4％（31／910）和5．8％（25／434）（X^2=4．077,P〈0．05）;乳糜漏的发生率分别为5．8％（53／910）和3．7％（16／434）（X^2=2．757,P〉0．05,）;尿潴留的发生率分别为1．5％（14／910）和1．6％（7／434）（X^2=0．011,P〉0．05）;切口感染的发生率分别为2．2％（20／910）和4．6％（20／434）（X^2=5．913,P〈0．05）;肺部感染的发生率分别为6．4％（58／910）和10．6％（46／434）（X^2=7．349,P〈0．05）。结论腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术后总并发症的发生率显著低于开腹结直肠癌根治术,特别是前者术后肠梗阻、切VI感染与肺部感染发生率显著低于后者。     

腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌根治术后肠梗阻发生率比较的Meta分析

目的对比分析腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗结直肠癌术后肠梗阻的发生率。方法通过计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、PubMed和OVID,检索时间均从建库至2011年10月止;由两名评价者独立选择并提取资料．评估方法学质量．若纳入研究的同质性差进行定性分析．若符合标准能进行定量分析。应用Cochrane协作网RevMan5．0软件对数据进行Meta分析。结果符合纳入标准共7篇文章,总样本量3630例,其中腹腔镜组1814例,发生术后肠梗阻58例,开腹组1816例,发生术后肠梗阻105例,合并RR=0．55,95％CI：0．41～0．76,提示腹腔镜组术后肠梗阻的发生率为开腹组的55％．差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论相对于开腹结直肠癌手术．腹腔镜结直肠癌手术可以降低术后早期肠梗阻的发生率。     

miR-196b mRNA和HoxB8 mRNA在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的研究miR-196b和HoxB8在结直肠癌组织中的表达及与其临床病理特征的关系,并探讨在结直肠癌组织中miR-196b与靶基因HoxB8表达的关系。方法用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测30例结直肠癌组织及对应的正常黏膜组织中miR-196b mRNA和HoxB8 mRNA的表达量,用Western blot法检测HoxB8蛋白的表达。结果 miR-196b mRNA和HoxB8 mRNA在结直肠癌组织中的表达量均高于其在对应的正常黏膜组织中的表达量（P〈0.05）。miR-196b mRNA的表达与结直肠癌的淋巴结转移、肿瘤分期（Ⅰ＋Ⅱ与Ⅲ＋Ⅳ）及远处转移均有关（P〈0.05）,而与肿瘤部位、大小、大体类型、浸润深度、组织分化程度、患者的年龄及性别均无关（P〉0.05）;HoxB8mRNA的表达与结直肠癌的上述临床病理特征均无关（P〉0.05）。miR-196b mRNA与HoxB8 mRNA的表达存在负相关（r=-0.458,P〈0.05）,而与HoxB8蛋白的表达无明显相关性（r=-0.236,P〉0.05）。结论 miR-196bmRNA及HoxB8 mRNA在结直肠癌组织中均呈高表达,miR-196b mRNA的高表达与结直肠癌的发生、发展及预后有关。miR-196b可能通过与靶基因HoxB8 mRNA的3′非编码区结合抑制HoxB8 mRNA的表达。     

自膨式金属支架治疗右半结肠癌伴梗阻临床研究

目的探讨自膨式金属支架在右半结肠癌伴梗阻减压治疗中的有效性和安全性及操作技巧。方法收集2009年1月-2013年12月收治的32例右半结肠癌伴梗阻进行肠道支架置入术患者资料,分析患者支架置入成功率和畅通率、术后胃肠功能恢复及并发症发生情况,并与同期收治的55例左半结肠癌伴梗阻行金属支架置入减压治疗术患者进行比较。结果32例右半结肠癌伴梗阻患者中,25例成功放置金属支架并保持支架通畅;左半结肠癌伴梗阻55例中52例成功放置金属支架,其中3例不能解除梗阻、3例1周内出现再梗阻。右半结肠组支架置入成功率低于左半结肠组（P＜0.05）,右半结肠组并发症低于左半结肠组（P＜0.05）。结论右半结肠癌伴梗阻金属支架置入操作难度大于左半结肠,置入成功后具有良好的临床缓解率及较少的并发症。     

浆膜受侵的结直肠癌术后腹腔化疗联合静脉化疗的临床研究

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy to systemic chemotherapy alone for serosa-involved colorectal cancer. Methods According to the criteria of serosa-involving in colorectal cancer, 332 cases were divided into 2 groups prospectively without randomization. Study group (n=166) was treated with intraperitoneal chemotherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy, and control group (n=166) with systemic chemotherapy alone. Incidence of local recurrence, peritoneal metastasis, hepatic metastasis, other distant metastasis and 3-year, 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of two groups were compared. Results 3-year and 5-year OS rates of stage Ⅱ B in study group were similar to those in control group (χ2=0.612,P=0.434). The above rates of stage Ⅲ in study group were higher than those in control group (χ2=3.989,P=0.046). Either the study group or the control group, the 3-year and 5-year OS rates of patients undergone laparoscopic surgery or open surgery were similar (P=0.839, P=0.172). Incidences of local recurrence, peritoneal metastasis and hepatic metastasis in study group were 1.9%, 3.8% and 3.8% respetively, lower than those in control group (8.2%,9.5% and 10.1%,P<0.05). Distant metastasis rate in study group was similar to that in control group. In study group, intraperitoneal chemotherapy regimen with Oxaliplatin had lower rates of peritoneal metastasis and hepatic metastasis as compared to that with Cisplatin (0.9% vs 8.8% ,P=0.019), while the incidences of local recurrence and other distant metastasis were similar. Conclusions Postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy improves 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates in patients with stage Ⅲ serosa-involved colorectal cancer, and decreases local recurrence, peritoneal metastasis and liver metastasis rate, especially when intraperitoneal chemotherapy regimen contains Oxaliphtin. Comparing with open surgery, laparoscopic surgery dose not improve 3-year and S-year overall survival rates in patients receiving combined chemotherapy or systemic chemotherapy alone.     

确保腹腔镜直肠系膜完全切除的手术技巧:介绍一种自创骶前隧道式分离法

众所周知,全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)是治疗中低位直肠癌,降低局部复发率的有效方法.虽然对于一个熟练的腹腔镜结直肠专科医师来说,行腹腔镜低位或超低位直肠前切除时应用TME,感觉手术视野优于开腹手术[1].但遇到肥胖或骨盆狭窄的低位直肠癌患者,即使熟练的腹腔镜外科医师也感到棘手.主要难点在于对腹膜反折以下直肠侧方及末端系膜进行完整切除相当困难,如系膜切除不全则可能影响手术预后.我们基于对1000余例直肠癌直肠系膜标本的解剖认识及300余例腹腔镜直肠癌的手术经验,总结一种简易、不易造成直肠系膜破损的TME方法--骶前隧道式分离法,供同道参考.     

直肠末端系膜解剖在直肠癌根治术中的意义

目的　了解直肠末端系膜附着缘的解剖标志及其形态分布对全直肠系膜切除 (TME)手术的影响。方法　收集由同一组医师连续手术切除的 2 2 0例中、低位直肠癌大体标本 ,分为两组。Ⅰ组 (保肛组 ) :又分为Ⅰa组 ,低位直肠前切除术 (LAR术 ) ,81例 ,限直肠癌下缘距肛缘 5～ 6cm者 ;Ⅰb组 ,直肠前切除术 (AR术 ) ,68例 ,限直肠癌下缘距肛缘 7～ 8cm者。Ⅱ组 (切肛组 ) :腹会阴联合直肠切除术 (APR术 ) ,71例 ,限直肠癌下缘距肛缘<5cm者。结果　①直肠末端系膜环形附着缘位于肛提肌的肛缝以上 1 .0cm肠壁上 ,但该水平恰好与低位直肠癌下缘齐平。因此 ,为了满足 2～ 3cm下切端 ,在肛缝以下分离直肠肌性管道行LAR术时 ,要小心避免损伤肠壁。②直肠末端系膜附着于肠壁上呈环形片状 ,而非环形线状 ,与直肠后壁间仅有少量脂肪组织 ,其纵向附着长度约为 (1 .2 69± 0 .1 71 )cm(LAR组 81例 +APR组 71例 ) ,当行AR术时 ,其下切缘恰好位于系膜的片状附着区内 ,在裸化直肠时 ,要小心谨慎 ,以免损伤肠壁。结论　直肠末端系膜呈环形片状附着于肛提肌的肛缝上 1 .0cm处 ,在行低位或超低位直肠前切除 ,裸化直肠壁时要仔细分离 ,以免损伤肠壁 ,导致术后肠瘘     

浆膜受侵的结直肠癌术后腹腔化疗联合静脉化疗的临床研究

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy to systemic chemotherapy alone for serosa-involved colorectal cancer. Methods According to the criteria of serosa-involving in colorectal cancer, 332 cases were divided into 2 groups prospectively without randomization. Study group (n=166) was treated with intraperitoneal chemotherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy, and control group (n=166) with systemic chemotherapy alone. Incidence of local recurrence, peritoneal metastasis, hepatic metastasis, other distant metastasis and 3-year, 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of two groups were compared. Results 3-year and 5-year OS rates of stage Ⅱ B in study group were similar to those in control group (χ2=0.612,P=0.434). The above rates of stage Ⅲ in study group were higher than those in control group (χ2=3.989,P=0.046). Either the study group or the control group, the 3-year and 5-year OS rates of patients undergone laparoscopic surgery or open surgery were similar (P=0.839, P=0.172). Incidences of local recurrence, peritoneal metastasis and hepatic metastasis in study group were 1.9%, 3.8% and 3.8% respetively, lower than those in control group (8.2%,9.5% and 10.1%,P<0.05). Distant metastasis rate in study group was similar to that in control group. In study group, intraperitoneal chemotherapy regimen with Oxaliplatin had lower rates of peritoneal metastasis and hepatic metastasis as compared to that with Cisplatin (0.9% vs 8.8% ,P=0.019), while the incidences of local recurrence and other distant metastasis were similar. Conclusions Postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy improves 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates in patients with stage Ⅲ serosa-involved colorectal cancer, and decreases local recurrence, peritoneal metastasis and liver metastasis rate, especially when intraperitoneal chemotherapy regimen contains Oxaliphtin. Comparing with open surgery, laparoscopic surgery dose not improve 3-year and S-year overall survival rates in patients receiving combined chemotherapy or systemic chemotherapy alone.