穿支皮瓣及相关术语的初步共识

穿支皮瓣的概念始于20世纪80年代后期.自1997年起,国际上每年召开一次穿支皮瓣学术交流会.国内曾2次(2005年于银川,2007年于昆明)召开了穿支皮瓣专题研讨会.2006年《中国临床解剖学杂志》曾组织出版一期穿支皮瓣专题.但对穿支皮瓣的定义、穿支血管的分类、穿支皮瓣的命名等相关名称还相当混乱.为了规范穿支皮瓣的学术交流,推动穿支皮瓣的发展,《中国临床解剖学杂志》与中国解剖学会临床解剖学分会邀请了部分从事穿支皮瓣研究的基础与临床专家,就穿支皮瓣及相关术语,于2010年7月30日～8月2日在银川召开了穿支皮瓣研讨会,与会专家经热烈讨论达成了基本共识.钟世镇院士由于有其他会议未能与会,但他对本“专家初步共识”提出指导意义,并进行了修改补充.     

以骨间返血管为蒂尺骨上端骨膜骨瓣的应用解剖

解剖观察了40侧上肢标本和60侧干燥尺骨标本。尺骨上端由骨间返动脉和尺侧后返动脉分支分布.其中骨间返动脉恒定走行于尺、桡骨上端之间,发丰富的骨膜支至尺骨上端桡侧,动脉长5.7cm,外径1.1mm,可以此血管为蒂形成尺骨上端骨膜骨瓣移位修复邻近的骨缺损、骨不连。     

小腿后部各区穿支间的关系与皮瓣设计

Objective To study the anastomotic relationships of perforators in each zone of the poste-rior leg and design perforating flaps for clinic. Methods Six fresh cadavers underwent a whole body, intra-arterial injection of a lead oxide and gelatine preparation. The posterior part of leg is divided into upper, mid-die and below equal parts, Observe topography of the perforating branches in every district by layer, and mea-sured their location, diameter, course, branches and anastomosis pattern. Radiographs of tissue specimens were digitally analyzed. Results There were 13 perforators that diameter≥ 0.5 mm, the average external diameter was 0.8 mm. The areas of each perforator supplied was average 38 cm2. Perforators from popliteal artery was identified an area 4 cm wide, around the intersection of two lines, a line drawn between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femurs, and the midline of posterior leg. The areas of the every perforator sup-plied was 55 cm2. These vessels were large in diameter and create multiple true anastomoses with the perfora-tors from the posterior tibial artery or fibular artery. Perforating branches were small in the below part, a long perforator chain comprised of two to three perforators accompanies the Achilles tendon. Conclusion The perforator flaps deviced by perforators from the posterior leg may be transplanted to the lower limbs and the other part of the body. The perforators located in the middle zone of the leg are larger. Free posterior tibial or peroneal perforator-based flaps are reliable, relatively large, and have thin flaps. The upper and lower zones were the larger donor site for the proximal or distally pedicled perforator flap harvest.     

小腿后部各区穿支间的关系与皮瓣设计

Objective To study the anastomotic relationships of perforators in each zone of the poste-rior leg and design perforating flaps for clinic. Methods Six fresh cadavers underwent a whole body, intra-arterial injection of a lead oxide and gelatine preparation. The posterior part of leg is divided into upper, mid-die and below equal parts, Observe topography of the perforating branches in every district by layer, and mea-sured their location, diameter, course, branches and anastomosis pattern. Radiographs of tissue specimens were digitally analyzed. Results There were 13 perforators that diameter≥ 0.5 mm, the average external diameter was 0.8 mm. The areas of each perforator supplied was average 38 cm2. Perforators from popliteal artery was identified an area 4 cm wide, around the intersection of two lines, a line drawn between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femurs, and the midline of posterior leg. The areas of the every perforator sup-plied was 55 cm2. These vessels were large in diameter and create multiple true anastomoses with the perfora-tors from the posterior tibial artery or fibular artery. Perforating branches were small in the below part, a long perforator chain comprised of two to three perforators accompanies the Achilles tendon. Conclusion The perforator flaps deviced by perforators from the posterior leg may be transplanted to the lower limbs and the other part of the body. The perforators located in the middle zone of the leg are larger. Free posterior tibial or peroneal perforator-based flaps are reliable, relatively large, and have thin flaps. The upper and lower zones were the larger donor site for the proximal or distally pedicled perforator flap harvest.     

中国特殊形式穿支皮瓣的名词术语与定义专家共识

穿支皮瓣是近年来皮瓣外科领域的研究热点,因其改善了皮瓣受区的外形和功能、最大程度减少了皮瓣供区外观和功能的损害,目前已被广泛应用于乳房重建及头、颈、躯干与四肢创面的修复.随着临床应用的推广与深入研究,发现经典的穿支皮瓣仍然存在一定的局限性.近年来在秉承穿支皮瓣核心理念的基础上,穿支皮瓣术式得到了不断发展,如为了不牺牲受区主干血管衍生了血流桥接穿支皮瓣,为了避免皮瓣臃肿衍生了显微削薄穿支皮瓣,为了修复超长创面衍生了联体穿支皮瓣,为了吻合一组血管同时修复多个创面衍生了分叶穿支皮瓣,为了使合并深部骨骼或肌肉组织缺损的创面得到立体美学修复衍生了嵌合穿支皮瓣等等.这些特殊形式穿支皮瓣的衍生和发展,丰富了穿支皮瓣的内涵,扩大了穿支皮瓣的适应证.为促进穿支皮瓣在我国的普及和发展,2012年9月22日至24日,在宁波召开了第二届中国穿支皮瓣高峰论坛,与会专家就特殊形式穿支皮瓣的名词术语与定义达成了如下共识.     

小腿后部神经血管复合体岛状皮瓣的解剖学基础

目的 为小腿后部神经血管复合体岛状皮瓣提供解剖学依据。方法 用成人下肢标本25侧，解剖观察小隐静脉、腓肠神经、腓肠内侧皮神经和腓肠外侧皮神经及其营养血管的起始、走行、分支、分布，及与其它血管的吻合。结果 腓肠神经由腓肠外侧皮神经和腓肠内侧皮神经合成，腓肠神经的营养血管主要是腘窝中间皮动脉，腓肠外侧皮神经的营养动脉主要是腘窝外侧皮动脉，并与腓动脉的肌间隔穿支、肌皮穿支之间存在诸多吻合，形成血管链，并与神经、小隐静脉构成神经血管复合体。结论 以小腿后部神经血管复合体为蒂可以设计截取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣。     

股前外侧游离穿支皮瓣在糖尿病足溃疡创面修复中的应用

目的 探讨游离股前外穿支皮瓣修复糖尿病足部溃疡创面的应用效果.方法 对16例(16足)2型糖尿病患者足背溃疡进行了皮瓣移植手术修复创面(游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣),并对其预后进行观察.结果 16例患者移植皮瓣全部成活,供区和受区创面均愈合良好;随访6～18个月,16例皮瓣质地弹性良好.结论 糖尿病足溃疡采用吻合股外侧神经的游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复效果良好.     

小腿外侧穿支皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的 通过解剖学研究,分析腓动脉穿支特点,评价其临床应用的可行性. 方法 通过解剖40侧新鲜小腿标本,使用明胶氧化铅灌注技术,行一次性全身动脉造影、容积螺旋CT扫描,构建三维可视化模型,重点观察小腿.解剖后统计小腿外侧穿支出现数量、穿出位置、各穿支的管径、血管蒂的长度,归纳其规律性.针对2005年7月至2009年10月的43例中等面积的手、足皮肤缺损进行了游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复手术,并统计成活率,术后就外观和功能随访6个月到2年.结果 小腿外侧腓动脉穿支为2～9支,平均4支,在腓骨小头下方(9.80±0.93)cm、(13.40±0.90)cm、(17.20±1.13)cm、(21.30±0.77)cm四处出现率较高,动脉穿支直径分别为(1.33±0.39)mm、( 1.30±0.46)mm、(1.17±0.30)mm、(1.22±0.23)mm,血管蒂长分别为(5.87±0.73)cm、(5.83±1.73)cm、(5.44±1.09)cm,(5.10±1.93)cm.临床应用43例游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣,成活42例,1例皮瓣坏死.所有病例随访6个月到2年,皮瓣术后外观满意36例,术后臃肿需要二期修整的7例.供区小腿外观、功能均正常.结论腓动脉有四处穿支出现基本恒定,其中小腿中1/3段的穿支血管(第2、3条穿支)管径较粗,蒂长度5～7cm,适合进行游离皮瓣设计.     

男性肺癌患者血清性激素水平的分析

目的探讨男性肺癌患者血清性激素水平的变化及临床意义。方法检测27例肺癌患者、19例肺良性病变患者和34例正常健康人员的血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)、孕酮(P)及催乳素(PRL),并进行统计学分析。结果肺癌患者血清T水平较正常对照组显著性降低(P<0.01),E2较正常对照组显著性增高(P<0.01),而P、LH、PRL及FSH较正常对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05);肺良性病变组血清T、P、E2、LH、PRL及FSH水平较正常对照组均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论男性肺癌患者体内存在性激素水平的失衡和紊乱,检测血清中T和E2的水平对肺癌的诊断和病情变化监测具有一定价值。     

纤维蛋白原的临床意义及测定

纤维蛋白原（fibrinogen，Fg），分子量34万，由肝细胞合成和分泌，占血浆总蛋白的2％-3％，为机体止血生理中重要的凝血因子。正常人血浆中Fg浓度为2．0g／L-4．0g／L，半寿期约为3d，电泳分离显示在β2区带。Fg是一种急性时相反应蛋白，其增加往往是机体的一种非特异反应，常见于毒血症、肺炎、轻型肝炎、胆囊炎、肺结核等感染及肾病综合征、风湿热、恶性肿瘤、风湿性关节炎、脑血栓、脑梗死、心肌梗死等无菌性炎症；另外如外科手术、放射治疗、月经期及妊娠期也可见Fg轻度增高。Fg减少较少见，但当其〈1．0g／L时，机体可出现出血征象。一种先天性如缺乏症是极为罕见的遗传性疾病，通过常染色体隐性基因遗传，此患者肝脏不能合成Fg；继发性Fg减少的原因是由于纤维蛋白溶解酶溶解纤维蛋白所致，如胎盘早期剥离，