枢椎经椎板螺钉固定的研究进展

椎(C2)螺钉无论是对于寰枢融合还是在下颈椎固定中均提供着重要的稳定性.目前临床常用的C2固定技术包括2椎弓根螺钉、侧块螺钉、经1/2关节螺钉和经2/3关节螺钉,以上技术均有着损伤椎动脉的风险.2004年Wright[1]首次提出2经椎板螺钉固定技术,并进行了10例临床应用,取得了良好的临床疗效.尽管2经椎板螺钉固定有其优点,但至今仍没有得到广泛的应用.     

颈椎一期前后路手术治疗颈椎骨折脱位患者的护理

严重创伤引起的下颈椎骨折脱位,往往需要颈椎固定和融合.一期前后路联合手术是目前治疗颈椎三柱损伤的有效方法之一.该手术包括前路行病变椎体次全切除,椎管减压,植骨融合,后路侧块螺钉和椎弓根螺钉固定.     

下颈椎经关节突关节椎弓根螺钉固定的可行性

目的:探讨下颈椎后路经关节突关节椎弓根螺钉固定的可行性和技术参数,为临床应用提供参考。方法:取20具颈椎标本,仔细解剖颈部的后侧和前侧方,清楚显露颈椎侧块和椎弓根。以侧块外下象限的中心点为进钉点,从C3/4～C6/7直视下经关节突关节置入椎弓根螺钉,通过CT重建,测量经关节突关节椎弓根螺钉内固定进钉角度和钉道长度。结果:经关节突关节椎弓根螺钉均成功置入,螺钉固定方向在矢状面呈尾倾,冠状面呈内倾,理想角度为在矢状面尾倾50.3°±4.9°,在冠状面内倾42.8°±4.0°。螺钉钉道长度为(34.1±1.4)mm,各固定节段间略有不同,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:下颈椎后路经关节突关节椎弓根螺钉固定是可行的,但置钉时要求较高的准确性,可以作为颈椎侧块螺钉和椎弓根螺钉固定的一种补充方法。     

下颈椎经关节螺钉联合侧块或椎弓根螺钉固定的效果

Objective To discuss the effect of transarticular screws combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws through posterior approach in the lower cervical spine. Methods From February 2003 to October 2007, 22 patients were treated using transarticular screws internal fixation combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws in Axis plating system and Vertex system. There were cervical fracture and dislocation in 13 patients, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 4, cervical canal stenosis associated with dentoid process fracture in 1, and cervical disc herniation associated with cervical stenosis in 4 patients. Lamina or facet bone grafting were used to achieve a long-term stability, with decompression and anterior approach or not. The starting point for screw insertion was located 1 mm medial to the midpoint of the lateral mass and the direction of the screw was 40° caudally in the sagittal plane and 20° laterally in the axial plane. Results All screws insertion was successful. A total of 45 transarticular screws were inserted, with 2 in C4,5, 39 in C5,6 and 4 in C6,7. A total of 12 lateral mass screws were inserted, with 6 in C3 and 6 in C4. A total of 41 pedicle screws were inserted, with 4 in C2, 2 in C3 and 6 in C4, 21 in C7 and 8 in T1. There was no complication related to screw insertion, such as injury to the vertebral artery, nerve roots or spine cord. The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 3 years and 8 months (mean 17 months). All cases got bone fusion. Only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all pa-tients. In the follow-up period, only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all patients. Conclusion The combined use of transarticular screws and lateral mass screws or pedicle screws fixation in the lower cervical spine can enlarge the advantages of strong stability,relatively simple, and reduce operating risk when performed appropriately.     

枢椎后路固定技术的研究进展

创伤引起的枢椎不稳,退行性、炎症性、感染性疾病及肿瘤涉及到枢椎及其邻近椎体常常需行C2的固定,其后路固定包括钢丝、钛缆、椎板夹和螺钉固定.螺钉固定中主要包括C1、2经关节螺钉、椎弓根钉、峡部螺钉、椎板螺钉和经枢椎椎板关节突关节螺钉等[1-5].内固定方法的选择受局部的解剖、后部结构是否骨折、是否需要减压等因素的影响.所有的后路固定方法都有其优势和不足.现对C2后路固定方法进行综述.     

下颈椎经关节螺钉联合侧块或椎弓根螺钉固定的效果

Objective To discuss the effect of transarticular screws combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws through posterior approach in the lower cervical spine. Methods From February 2003 to October 2007, 22 patients were treated using transarticular screws internal fixation combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws in Axis plating system and Vertex system. There were cervical fracture and dislocation in 13 patients, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 4, cervical canal stenosis associated with dentoid process fracture in 1, and cervical disc herniation associated with cervical stenosis in 4 patients. Lamina or facet bone grafting were used to achieve a long-term stability, with decompression and anterior approach or not. The starting point for screw insertion was located 1 mm medial to the midpoint of the lateral mass and the direction of the screw was 40° caudally in the sagittal plane and 20° laterally in the axial plane. Results All screws insertion was successful. A total of 45 transarticular screws were inserted, with 2 in C4,5, 39 in C5,6 and 4 in C6,7. A total of 12 lateral mass screws were inserted, with 6 in C3 and 6 in C4. A total of 41 pedicle screws were inserted, with 4 in C2, 2 in C3 and 6 in C4, 21 in C7 and 8 in T1. There was no complication related to screw insertion, such as injury to the vertebral artery, nerve roots or spine cord. The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 3 years and 8 months (mean 17 months). All cases got bone fusion. Only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all pa-tients. In the follow-up period, only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all patients. Conclusion The combined use of transarticular screws and lateral mass screws or pedicle screws fixation in the lower cervical spine can enlarge the advantages of strong stability,relatively simple, and reduce operating risk when performed appropriately.     

颈椎后路经关节内固定技术的最新进展

创伤、肿瘤及医源性骨性结构破坏等因素均可引起颈椎不稳,往往需要颈椎后路的固定和融合。颈椎后路经关节内固定技术包括经寰枕关节螺钉、经寰枢关节螺钉及下颈椎经关节内固定技术等。经寰枢关节螺钉固定已被广泛研究,而经寰枕关节螺钉和下颈椎经关节内固定技术至今未见广泛应用。     

枢椎棘突螺钉固定的研究进展

<正>经关节螺钉、椎弓根螺钉、椎板螺钉和峡部螺钉固定技术是目前主要的枢椎后路内固定方法。Magerl经关节螺钉固定技术是寰枢固定的经典方法,但具有较高的手术风险[1～4]。椎弓根螺钉、椎板螺钉和峡部螺钉固定可以解决绝大部分临床问题[5～10],但对于一些解剖变异,如椎动脉高位骑跨畸形、椎弓根过细、椎板薄等特殊情况则可能无法应     

下颈椎经关节螺钉钢板固定的生物力学研究

目的:研究下颈椎单独经关节螺钉固定与经关节螺钉钢板固定的三维稳定性之间的差异。方法:12具新鲜人体颈椎标本,制成C4,5、C5,6节段三柱损伤模型。随机选取6具标本在C4,5、C5,6行单独经关节螺钉固定,另6具标本在C4,5、C5,6行经关节螺钉钢板固定。在非限制性和非破坏性的试验条件下测试它们在前屈、后伸、左右侧弯和轴向旋转运动状态的稳定性,分别测试标本损伤模型制作前完整标本组(A组)、单独经关节螺钉固定组(B组)和螺钉钢板组(C组)3组数据。结果:单独经关节螺钉固定组和经关节螺钉钢板固定组在各方向的运动范围(ROM)和中性区(NZ)的均数均小于完整标本组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。经关节螺钉钢板固定在前屈运动中的ROM和NZ与单独经关节螺钉固定比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);在后伸、左右侧弯和轴向旋转运动中,经关节螺钉钢板固定的稳定性优于单独经关节螺钉固定,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:下颈椎经关节螺钉钢板固定的稳定性优于单独经关节螺钉固定,在使用下颈椎经关节螺钉时,相对于单独螺钉固定,建议以螺钉钢板形式固定。     

枢椎棘突螺钉单侧应用联合对侧椎弓根螺钉固定的有限元分析

目的分析枢椎棘突螺钉单侧应用联合对侧椎弓根螺钉固定在寰枢和枕颈固定中的生物力学稳定性。方法构建正常枢椎解剖、椎板薄和椎动脉变异椎弓根细小3种不同解剖状态下的完整上部颈椎有限元模型作为完整模型组,然后分别模拟齿状突骨折进行寰枢固定和寰椎骨折进行枕颈固定。在寰枢固定中,比较单侧枢椎棘突螺钉+对侧椎弓根螺钉+双侧寰椎侧块螺钉固定组(棘突螺钉组)和枢椎双侧椎弓根螺钉+双侧寰椎侧块螺钉固定组(椎弓根螺钉组);在枕颈固定中,比较单侧枢椎棘突螺钉+对侧椎弓根螺钉+枕骨螺钉固定组(棘突螺钉组)和枢椎双侧椎弓根螺钉+枕骨螺钉固定组(椎弓根螺钉组)。枢椎棘突螺钉分别测试水平、斜向、垂直置钉3种不同的固定技术。模拟颈椎运动,测量枕颈的屈伸、侧屈、旋转的关节活动范围(ROM)。结果在寰枢和枕颈固定中,棘突螺钉组和椎弓根螺钉组的C1~C2屈伸、侧屈、旋转ROM均较完整模型组均明显下降。在寰枢固定中棘突螺钉组C0~C2屈伸、侧屈、旋转的ROM大于椎弓根螺钉组;在枕颈固定中,棘突螺钉组C1~C2侧屈的ROM大于椎弓根螺钉组,棘突螺钉组的C0~C2旋转的ROM大于椎弓根螺钉组。枢椎棘突螺钉分别测试水平、斜向、垂直固定间有差异,但不明显。结论在寰枢和枕颈固定中,枢椎双侧椎弓根螺钉固定和枢椎单侧棘突螺钉联合对侧椎弓根螺钉组合式固定方法均具有良好的稳定性。在寰枢固定中,相对于枢椎棘突螺钉组合式固定,枢椎双侧椎弓根螺钉固定具有更好的寰枢稳定性。在枕颈固定中,枢椎双侧椎弓根螺钉固定在侧屈和旋转活动上较枢椎棘突螺钉组合式固定稳定性更好。枢椎三种棘突螺钉置钉技术间的稳定性差异并不明显。