《麦克白》主人公的悲剧心理

《麦克白》在现代莎评中自身几乎转换成了充满原型的心理悲剧，它在女巫、鬼魂、超自然因素及阴暗的色彩等笼罩下充分展示悲剧主人公的潜意识心理及其极力保持心灵内外对统一的平衡的努力；主人公本我狂野的欲望及其在事后的病态心理表现正是他们意识内外失控的心态，犹如进入黑夜的漫长旅程。     

Molecular determinants of cetuximab efficacy.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether mRNA expression levels of cyclin D1 (CCND1), cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), all members of the EGFR signaling pathway, are associated with clinical outcome in patients with EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) treated with cetuximab. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with metastatic CRC, refractory to both irinotecan and oxaliplatin, were enrolled on IMCL-0144 and treated with single-agent cetuximab. The intratumoral mRNA levels of CCND1, Cox-2, EGFR, IL-8, and VEGF were assessed from paraffin-embedded tissue samples using laser-capture microdissection and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: There were 21 women and 18 men with a median age of 64 years (range, 35 to 83 years). Higher gene expression levels of VEGF were associated with resistance to cetuximab (P = .038; Kruskal-Wallis test). The combination of low gene expression levels of Cox-2, EGFR, and IL-8 was significantly associated with overall survival (13.5 v 2.3 months; P = .028; log-rank test). Both findings were independent of skin toxicity that was itself significantly correlated to survival. Patients with a lower mRNA amount of EGFR had a longer overall survival compared with patients that had a higher mRNA amount (7.3 v 2.2 months; P = .09; log-rank test). Patients with lower expression of Cox-2 had a significantly higher rate of grade 2 to 3 skin reactions under cetuximab treatment. CONCLUSION: This pilot study suggests that gene expression levels of Cox-2, EGFR, IL-8, and VEGF in patients with metastatic CRC may be useful markers of clinical outcome in single-agent cetuximab treatment.     

The red eye

A red eye is a cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. Most cases are benign and can be managed by the primary care provider. The key is recognizing cases requiring ophthalmological consultation by differentiating between ciliary and conjunctival injection. Ciliary injection indicates inflammation of the cornea, iris, or ciliary body, whereas conjunctival injection mainly affects the posterior conjunctival blood vessels. The author has stated that he does not have a significant financial interest or other relationship with any product manufacturer or provider of services discussed in this article. The author also does not discuss the use of off-label products, which includes unlabeled, unapproved, or investigative products or devices.