Prostate calculi in cancer and BPH in a cohort of Korean men：presence of calculi did not correlate with cancer risk

Prostatic calculi are common and are associated with inflammation of the prostate. Recently,it has been suggested that this inflammation may be associated with prostate carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prostatic calculi and prostate cancer （PCa） in prostate biopsy specimens. We retrospectively analyzed 417 consecutive patients who underwent transrectal ultrasonography （TRUS） and prostate biopsies between January 2005 and January 2008. Based on the biopsy findings,patients were divided into benign prostatic hyperplasia and PCa groups. TRUS was used to detect prostatic calculi and to measure prostate volume.The correlations between PCa risk and age,serum total PSA levels,prostate volume,and prostatic calculi were analyzed. Patient age and PSA,as well as the frequency of prostatic calculi in the biopsy specimens,differed significantly between both the groups （P〈0.05）. In the PCa group,the Gleason scores （GSs） were higher in patients with prostatic calculi than in patients without prostatic calculi （P = 0.023）. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis,we found that patient age,serum total PSA and prostate volume were risk factors for PCa （P = 0.001）,but that the presence of prostatic calculi was not associated with an increased risk of PCa （P = 0.13）. In conclusion,although the presence of prostatic calculi was not shown to be a risk factor for PCa,prostatic calculi were more common in patients with PCa and were associated with a higher GS among these men.     

舒芬太尼后处理对在体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的：探讨舒芬太尼后处理对在体大鼠心肌映血再灌注损伤的影响。方法：健康雄性S—D大鼠48只．体重230～330g．结扎冠状动脉左前降支制备心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。随机分为B组（n=6）：假手术组（sham组）：只穿线．不结扎;缺血再灌注组（CON组）：缺血30min．再灌注120min,再灌注前5min单次静脉注射生理盐水1mL;缺血后处理组（IpostC组）：缺血30min末行缺血10s．再灌注10s,重复3次后再灌注120min;舒芬太尼后处理组（0．1SpOStC组～10SpostC组）：再灌注前5min分别单次静脉注射舒芬太尼0．1．0．3,1、3．10ug／kg．5min后再灌注120min。于结扎线缝好后平衡30rnfn（T0）、缺血30min末（TI）,后处理末（T2）．再灌注120min末（T3）记录MAP-HR．并计算血压心率乘积（RPP）。计算心肌梗死面积（1S）与缺血危险区（AAR）比值（IS／AAR）。选取最佳剂量舒芬太尼后处理组．sham组．CON组．IpostC组于T3时取颈动脉血2ml。采用硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）法测定丙二醛（MDA）浓度．黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果：与CON组比较．IpostC组、0．3．1．3、10SpostC组IS／AAR降低（P〈0．05）。其中舒芬太尼后处理组中1SpostC组降低最为明显;与IpostC组比较．0．1SpostC组IS／AAR增加（P〈0．05）。舒芬太尼剂量-效应关系si9mOidal方程为：Y=0．3749＋0．4872／。（1＋10^1.502-x）．ED50为0．03174ug／kg。与sham组比较,其余三组血清MDA浓度升高．SOD活性降低（P＜0．05）;与CO嘲比较．IpostC．、SpostC组MOA降低．SOO话性升高（P〈0．05）。结论：舒芬太尼可模拟缺血后处理减轻在体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤．并且呈剂量依赖性。     

霉酚酸酯及缬沙坦对糖尿病大鼠足细胞的保护机制研究

目的探讨霉酚酸酯、缬沙坦及2者联合应用对糖尿病。肾病（DN）大鼠足细胞损伤的保护作用。方法雄性Wistar大鼠行右肾切除后，腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ，65mg／kg）建立糖尿病模型。将实验动物随机分为右。肾切除对照组（NC）、糖尿病组（DM）、霉酚酸酯治疗组（M）、缬沙坦治疗组（V）、缬沙坦和霉酚酸酯联合治疗组（V＋M）。治疗组分别给予霉酚酸酯15mg·kg^-1·d^-1，缬沙坦40mg·kg^-1·d^-1；联合治疗组为上述两组之和。检测各组8周末的左肾质量／体质量比值、尿蛋白量（24h）、血糖（Glu）、Scr。光镜及电镜观察肾组织形态学变化。免疫组化检测肾组织中nephrin、结蛋白（desmin）及单核细胞趋化因子1（MCP-1）蛋白表达。实时PCR测定肾组织中nephrin及MCP-1mRNA表达。结果与NC组相比，DM组大鼠血糖、尿蛋白量及左肾质量／体质量比值均显著上升（P〈0．01）；肾小球硬化指数（GSI）及肾间质损害加重（P〈0．01）；肾组织内MCP-1、desmin蛋白表达均显著上调（P〈0．01）。与DM组比较，M组、V组及V＋M组上述指标除Glu、Scr外，均明显改善（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。与NC组（100％）相比，DM组nephrinmRNA表达下调（78％，P〈0.05）；各治疗组nephrinmRNA表达增加，以M组增加最明显（134％，P〈0．01）。与NC组（100％）相比，DM组MCP-1mRNA表达明显上调（251％，P〈0.05）；各治疗组明显降低，以M组最显著（126％，P〈0．01）。nephrinmRNA与MCP-1mRNA表达呈负相关（r=-0，86。P〈0．01）。尿蛋白量（24h）与MCP-1mRNA呈正相关fr=0．82，P〈0．01）；与nephrinmRNA呈负相关（r=-0．78，P〈0．01）。结论霉酚酸酯及缬沙坦均能下调糖尿病大鼠肾组织中desmin及MCP-1基因及蛋白的表达，上调nephrin基因及蛋白表达，降低尿蛋白量，预防肾损伤。联合治疗不优于单一治疗。霉酚酸酯可能通过抗炎性反应减轻足细胞损伤，减少蛋白尿，对早期DN大鼠具有明显的肾保护作用。     

Altered expression of K+ -Cl- cotransporters affects fast paired-pulse inhibition during GABA receptor activation in the gerbil hippocampus

K+ -Cl- cotransporter (KCC) plays an important role in maintaining neuronal activity. However, the effect of seizure activity or pharmacological manipulation of GABAergic transmission on KCC expression remains to be clarified. Therefore, the present study was performed to investigate whether seizure activity or GABA receptor agonist treatment changes KCC expression in the gerbil hippocampus. Furthermore, the effect of blockade of KCC on inhibitory transmission in the dentate gyrus was identified following applications of GABA receptor agonists. The distribution of KCC immunoreactivity in the hippocampus was similarly detected between seizure-resistant (SR) and seizure-sensitive (SS) gerbils. Baclofen (a GABAB receptor agonist) treatment markedly increased KCC expression in the gerbil hippocampus. Baclofen treatment significantly reduced paired-pulse inhibition in the dentate gyrus. Furosemide (a KCC inhibitor) treatment amplified the effect of baclofen on paired-pulse responses. In contrast, muscimol (a GABAA receptor agonist) treatment reduced KCC expression. Enhanced paired-pulse inhibition by muscimol treatment was not affected by furosemide treatment. These findings suggest that seizure activity in the gerbil may not affect KCC expression in the hippocampus. In addition, altered KCC immunoreactivity induced by baclofen or muscimol may play an important role in maintaining or regulating inhibitory transmission during GABA receptor activation.     

Neuropsychological correlates of error negativity and positivity in schizophrenia patients

The purpose of the present paper was to determine error-monitoring ability and its relationship with executive function in patients with schizophrenia. In order to evaluate error-monitoring ability, the error negativity (Ne) and error positivity (Pe) were measured using the Stroop task. The correct-related negativity (CRN) and positivity (Pc) were also measured. In addition, neuropsychological tests were administered in order to evaluate executive function. The patients with schizophrenia had significantly reduced Ne and augmented CRN amplitudes, but the Pe and Pc amplitudes of the patients were comparable to those of the controls. In addition, the Ne amplitude, measured at Fcz was positively correlated with the Trail Making Test (TMT), part B response time, and the categories achieved on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in patients with schizophrenia. No significant correlations were found between Ne amplitude and performance on the neuropsychological tests in the controls. And no associations were detected between CRN, Pe, Pc amplitudes and neuropsychological performance, in either the patients with schizophrenia or the controls. Reduced Ne amplitudes and augmented CRN amplitudes in patients with schizophrenia suggest the dysfunctional behavior-monitoring system in these patients. The functional significances of Ne and Pe are discussed.     

Correlation between preoperative and postoperative knee kinematics in total knee arthroplasty using cruciate retaining designs

The authors evaluated the relationships between preoperative and postoperative kinematics in 50 osteoarthritic knees scheduled for cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty with regards to posterior femoral roll back and external femoral rotation using a navigation system from 10° to 120° of knee flexion. Although posterior femoral roll back was maintained, external femoral rotation was significantly decreased compared to those of the preoperative knee after total knee arthroplasty. However, the amount of posterior roll back and external femoral rotation after total knee arthroplasty were found to be significantly positively related to those measured preoperatively (r = 0.62 and 0.57, respectively). These significant kinematic correlations may explain why preoperative range of knee motion influences range of motion after total knee arthroplasty.     

七氟醚麻醉对幼鼠海马c-Jun氨基末端激酶表达和神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的 评价七氟醚麻醉对幼鼠海马c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)表达和神经细胞凋亡的影响.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠40只,日龄30～35 d,体重100～110 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=20):对照组(C组):吸入含有30%氧气的空氧混合气体5 h;七氟醚组(s组):吸入3%七氟醚5 h,并维持麻醉箱氧浓度为30%.苏醒后1 h时,每组随机处死10只大鼠,取两侧海马组织,分别采用免疫组化法和Western blot法测定磷酸化JNK(p-JNK)的表达水平,采用TUNEL法检测神经细胞凋亡情况.苏醒后24 h时,每组随机取10只大鼠,采用Morris水迷宫测试认知功能.结果 与C组比较,S组海马组织p-JNK表达上调,凋亡细胞计数升高,潜伏期延长和平台象限停留时间缩短(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 吸入3.0%七氟醚可能通过激活JNK信号通路,诱发海马神经细胞凋亡,从而导致幼鼠认知功能降低.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of sevoflurane anesthesia on the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus in juvenile rats.Methods Forty healthy male SD rats, aged 30-35 days, weighing 100-110 g, were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 20 each): control group (group C) and sevoflurane group (group S) . Group C inhaled a gas mixture of oxygen and air for 5 h and group S 3% sevoflurane for 5 h. The concentration of oxygen in both groups was maintained at 30% . Ten rats in each group were scarified at 1 h after regaining consciousness and the hippocampi removed for determination of phospho-JNK expression (by immuno-histochemistry and Western blot) and neuronal apoptosis (by TUNEL) . Another 10 rats were selected at 24 h after regaining consciousness to assess the cognitive function using Morris water maze. Results Compared with group C, phospho-JNK expression was significantly up-regulated, the number of apoptotic neurons increased, the latency prolonged and the duration of staying at the original platform quadrant shortened in group C ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01) . Conclusion Inhalation of 3.0% sevoflurane can induce neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus by activating JNK signaling pathway, thus leading to cognitive decline in juvenile rats.     

Characteristics and Trends of Orthopedic Publications between 2000 and 2009

Background

This study was undertaken to investigate the trends of orthopedic publications during the last decade, and to document the country of origin, journal, funding source, and language of contribution using PubMed.

Methods

Orthopedic articles published between 2000 and 2009 were retrieved from PubMed using the following search terms: "orthopaedic[Affiliation] AND ("2000/1/1"[PDAT]: "2009/12/31"[PDAT])" and "orthopedic[Affiliation] AND ("2000/1/1"[PDAT]: "2009/12/31"[PDAT])." The articles were downloaded in XML file format, which contained the following information: article title, author names, journal names, publication dates, article types, languages, authors'' affiliations and funding sources. These information was extracted, sorted, and rearranged using the database''s management software. We investigated the annual number of published orthopedic articles worldwide and the annual rate of increase. Furthermore, the country of publication origin, journal, funding source, and language of contribution were also investigated.

Results

A total of 46,322 orthopedic articles were published and registered in PubMed in the last 10 years. The worldwide number of published orthopedic articles increased from 2,889 in 2000 to 6,909 in 2009, showing an annual increase of 384.6 articles, or an annualized compound rate of 10.2%. The United States ranked highest in the number of published orthopedic articles, followed by Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, and the Republic of Korea. Among the orthopedic articles published worldwide during the last 10 years, 37.9% pertained studies performed in the United States. Fifty-seven point three percent (57.3%) of articles were published in journals established in the United States. Among the published orthopaedic articles, 4,747 articles (10.2%) disclosed financial support by research funds, of which 4,688 (98.8%) articles utilized research funds from the United States. Most articles were published in English (97.2%, 45,030 articles).

Conclusions

The number of published orthopedic articles has been increasing over the last decade. The number of orthopedic articles, journals publication, and funding sources were dominated by research conducted in the United States, while share and growth of Asian countries including Japan, the Republic of Korea, and China were notable.     

Pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as acute respiratory failure: radiologic findings

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to describe the radiologic findings of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients who presented with acute respiratory failure. METHODS: We included patients who had newly diagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis and who presented with acute respiratory failure. Initial chest radiographic (n = 17) and high-resolution CT (n = 11) findings of each patient were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Of 1,010 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, 17 patients (1.7%) presented with acute respiratory failure. Nine (53%) of the 17 patients died. The most common initial chest radiographic findings were small nodular lesions (16/17; 94%), consolidation (13/17; 76%), and ground-glass opacity (12/17; 70%). Eleven (69%) of 16 nodular lesions, 9 of 13 (69%) consolidations, and 10 of 12 (83%) ground-glass opacities were bilateral. On HRCT (n = 11), miliary micronodular lesions were seen in 6 patients (55%), whereas bronchogenic spread of tuberculosis with disseminated centrilobular nodules and tree-in-bud appearance was seen in 5 patients (45%). Diffuse areas of ground-glass attenuation were seen in all six patients with miliary nodules and four of five patients with bronchogenic spread of tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis occasionally present with acute respiratory failure. In this condition, chest radiograph most commonly shows bilateral small nodular lesions mixed with consolidation or ground-glass opacity, whereas HRCT demonstrates findings of miliary or bronchogenic disseminated tuberculosis with diffuse areas of ground-glass attenuation.     

Anterior plating and percutaneous iliosacral screwing in an unstable pelvic ring injury

Background This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of anterior plating with subsequent percutaneous iliosacral screwing for the management of unstable pelvic ring injuries. Methods Nineteen patients with unstable pelvic ring injuries were included in this retrospective study. All patients were followed up for at least 1 year, and their mean age was 43 years. According to the Association for Osteosynthesis-Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO-OTA) classification, there were 5 B2 injuries, 11 C1 injuries, and 3 C2 injuries. After anterior fixation by means of plating, an iliosacral screw fixation was carried out percutaneously using a C-arm fluoroscope. Results All fractures healed, except for 1 case of nonunion at the pubic ramus. Radiological results showed that there were 9 anatomic, 7 nearly anatomic, 2 moderate, and 1 poor reduction. Sixteen of the 19 patients had good or excellent results for function, and all these had satisfactory (anatomic or nearly anatomic) reductions. The two moderate and 1 poor result were from an unsatisfactory reduction in a type-C injury with residual neurological signs. A screw misplacement with a neurological compromise occurred in 1 patient, but there were no adverse sequelae after its removal. The complications encountered were 2 cases of screw loosening, 2 cases of anterior metal failure, and 1 deep infection. Conclusions Anterior plating with subsequent percutaneous iliosacral screwing may be a useful method of treatment for unstable pelvic ring injuries, and the reduction quality and residual neurological signs were important in its functional outcome.