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Oral Diseases (2010) 16 , 136–145 Objective: The oral cavity forms an indispensable part of the human microbiome, for its unique and diverse microflora distributed within various niches. While majority of these organisms exhibit commensalism, shifts in bacterial community dynamics cause pathological changes within oral cavity and distant sites. The aim of this review was to appraise the current and emerging methods of detecting bacteria of the oral cavity paying particular attention to the cultivation independent methods. Design: Literature pertaining to cultivation based and cultivation independent methods of oral bacterial identification was reviewed. Methods: The specific advantages and disadvantages of cultivation based, microscopic, immunological and metagenomic identification methods were appraised. Results: Because of their fastidious and exacting growth requirements, cultivation based studies grossly underestimate the extent of bacterial diversity in these polymicrobial infections. Culture independent methods deemed more sensitive in identifying difficult to culture and novel bacterial species. Conclusion: Apart from characterizing potentially novel bacterial species, the nucleic acid sequence data analyzed using various bioinformatics protocols have revealed that there are in excess of 700 bacterial species inhabiting the mouth. Moreover, the latest pyrosequencing based methods have further broadened the extent of bacterial diversity in oral niches. 相似文献
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p53 protein immunoreactivity was investigated in cutaneous Spitz naevi (n= 7), superficial spreading (n= 21) and nodular (n= 6) melanomas using the monoclonal antibody DO-7. Nuclear immunostaining for p53 protein was observed in 41% of all the melanomas but not in any of the Spitz naevi studied. This difference in p53 immunoreactivity appeared statistically significant (P= 0.0001; χ2 test). There were also differences in p53 immunoreactivity between superficial spreading and nodular melanomas (P= 0.001, χ2 test), where up to 38% of superficial spreading melanomas and 50% of nodular melanomas had demonstrated p53 nuclear immunostaining. An apparently significant correlation was observed between melanomas with poor prognostic histological indices and p53 immunoreactivity (P= 0.0016; χ2 test). In conclusion, increased p53 protein immunoreactivity is found in melanomas and is associated with poorer prognosis. The differences in p53 immunohistological expression between cutaneous melanomas and Spitz naevi suggest that alterations of the protein may be important in the pathogenesis of the tumour. 相似文献
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Timothy P Cripe Pin-Yi Wang Paola Marcato Yonatan Y Mahller Patrick WK Lee 《Molecular therapy》2009,17(10):1677-1682
Recent studies in a variety of leukemias and solid tumors indicate that there is significant heterogeneity with respect to tumor-forming ability within a given population of tumor cells, suggesting that only a subpopulation of cells is responsible for tumorigenesis. These cells have been commonly referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer-initiating cells (CICs). CICs have been shown to be relatively resistant to conventional anticancer therapies and are thus thought to be responsible for disease relapse. As such, they represent a potentially critical therapeutic target. Oncolytic viruses are in clinical trials for cancer and kill cells through mechanisms different from conventional therapeutics. Because these viruses are not susceptible to the same pathways of drug or radiation resistance, it is important to learn whether CICs are susceptible to oncolytic virus infection. Here we review the available data regarding the ability of several different oncolytic virus types to target CICs for destruction. 相似文献
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Summary Anguidine pretreatment was previously shown to potentiate cis-platinum in Chinese hamster ovary cells by 100-fold, probably by enhancing cellular cis-platinum. uptake. Since both cis-platinum and anguidine have been reported to have clinical efficacy in human brain tumors, the present study was initiated to investigate whether anguidine's potentiation of cis-platinum was applicable to human brain tumor cells in culture. Using the colony formation assay, it was found that anguidine enhanced cis-platinum's cytotoxicity by ten-fold, producing a dose modification factor of 1.74. Alkaline elution analysis of cis-platinum-induced DNA crosslinks found that anguidine enhanced cross-linking by a factor of 1.55, 1.76, 1.63, and 1.48 at 0, 6, 24, and 48 hr, respectively, after cis-platinum treatment. This enhancement of cross-linking is evidence for anguidine increasing cis-platinum uptake. Thus, anguidine enhances cis-platinum-induced DNA cross-linking and subsequent cytotoxicity in human brain tumor cells, and may be clinically useful in combination with cis-platinum in those tumors. 相似文献
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A randomized prospective comparison of oral versus intraperitoneal ofloxacin as the primary treatment of CAPD peritonitis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ignatius KP CHENG SL LUI GX FANG PY CHAU SW CHENG Frances H CHIU TM CHAN WK LO BY CHOY CY LO 《Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)》1997,3(6):431-435
Summary: Oral ofloxacin has been successfully used in our centres for the primary treatment of peritonitis complicating continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In view of the progressive rise in the resistance rate to ofloxacin among peritoneal bacterial isolates, a study was conducted to determine if oral ofloxacin remains a viable first line treatment for CAPD peritonitis in our centres and if the result can be improved by changing from an oral to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. In patients on three 2 L daily CAPD exchanges, ofloxacin given at the i.p. dosage of 200 mg loading followed by 25 mg/L of peritoneal dialysate achieved overnight trough peritoneal levels which are at least four times the minimal 90% inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of most bacterial pathogens without significant accumulation in the systemic circulation. This i.p. dosage was therefore chosen for the clinical study and the result was compared to that using ofloxacin given in the oral dosage of 400 mg loading followed by 300 mg once daily as maintenance. of all the recruited episodes, 35 were eligible for analysis. the overall primary cure rate including primary failures and relapses was 55.6% (10/18) in the oral treatment group and 70.6% (12/17) in the i.p. treatment group. the corresponding figures for gram positive bacterial (g +) infections were 36.4% and 50%, for gram negative bacterial (g -) infections were 66.7 and 80% and for culture negative infections were 75 and 80%. In culture positive cases, all treatment failures were due to resistant infections which were observed in 42.3% of all bacterial isolates, 47.1% of g + isolates and 33.3% of g - isolates. Due to the high background level of bacterial resistance among our CAPD population, ofloxacin monotherapy given either by the oral or the i.p. route can no longer be recommended for the primary treatment of CAPD peritonitis. 相似文献
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Ng VL; Hwang KM; Reyes GR; Kaplan LD; Khayam-Bashi H; Hadley WK; McGrath MS 《Blood》1988,71(5):1397-1401
We observed a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected homosexual male with AIDS related complex (ARC) who had a serum globulin level of 80 g/L. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed a gamma globulin fraction of 40 g/L, of which 50% (20 g/L) was contained within a paraprotein spike, comprised predominantly of IgG kappa. This patient also had high titer anti-HIV antibodies in his serum, which were Western blot reactive at a final dilution of 1:500,000, and recognized gp120env, p66pol, p55gag, p53pol, p41gag, and p24gag. Because paraproteins in the past have been shown to be directed against specific antigens, we purified this patient's paraprotein using a modified high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-hydroxylapatite procedure and tested the purified paraprotein for anti-HIV antibody activity. The purified paraprotein retained anti-HIV antibody activity to a final dilution of 1:100,000, and recognized p66pol, p55gag, p53pol, p41gag, and p24gag. The recognition of both "gag" and "pol" gene products suggested that the purified paraprotein might not be monoclonal in origin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated that the purified paraprotein contained at least two immunoglobulin light chain species (Mol wt 30 to 33 Kd). Affinity chromatography of the purified paraprotein using a p24- Sepharose 4B matrix separated the "gag" and "pol" antibody activities. Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement analysis of a bone marrow aspirate (which contained 15% plasma cells) failed to reveal a clonal population of immunoglobulin producing cells. We conclude that this patient's paraprotein accounted for most of the anti-HIV activity present in whole serum, and that this paraprotein was not monoclonal in origin. 相似文献
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Early introduction of allergenic foods for the prevention of food allergy from an Asian perspective—An Asia Pacific Association of Pediatric Allergy,Respirology & Immunology (APAPARI) consensus statement 下载免费PDF全文
Elizabeth Huiwen Tham Lynette Pei‐Chi Shek Hugo PS Van Bever Pakit Vichyanond Motohiro Ebisawa Gary WK Wong Bee Wah Lee the Asia Pacific Association of Pediatric Allergy Respirology & Immunology 《Pediatric allergy and immunology》2018,29(1):18-27
Emerging evidence for the early introduction of allergenic foods for the prevention of food allergies, such as peanut allergy in Western populations, has led to the recent publication of guidelines in the USA and Europe recommending early peanut introduction for high‐risk infants with severe eczema or egg allergy. Peanut allergy is, however, much less prevalent in Asia compared to the West. Varying patterns of food allergy are seen even within Asian countries—such as a predominance of wheat allergy in Japan and Thailand and shellfish allergy in Singapore and the Philippines. Customs and traditions, such as diet and infant feeding practices, also differ between Asian populations. Hence, there are unique challenges in adapting guidelines on early allergenic food introduction to the Asian setting. In this paper, we review the evidence and discuss the possible approaches to guide the timely introduction of allergenic food in high‐risk infants in Asia. 相似文献