Predictors of Alcohol Dependence Relapse During Recurrence of Major Depression

This study sought to determine clinical predictors of alcohol relapse during recurrence of major depression. The total sample included 2,820 adults with a history of alcohol dependence who had a comorbid current episode of major depression. Twenty-six percent had a relapse of alcohol dependence. Relapsers were more likely to be male, single, less educated, and younger than non-relapsers. Early onset alcohol dependence and past year drug use disorder significantly increased the likelihood of relapse. Early onset substance use dependence is a more powerful predictor of alcohol relapse than early onset major depression.     

Hepatitis B and C in liver transplantation: new strategies to combat the enemies

Hepatitis B immune globulin‐free therapeutic regimens with a nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) or NUC combinations after liver transplantation (LT) are currently being investigated for their efficacy and safety as HBV re‐infection prophylaxis in clinical studies. Recurrence rates differ among these studies as most of them are limited by a non‐randomised study design, small sample size, lack of long‐term data and varying time intervals for the switch from combined to purely virostatic prophylaxis. Post‐transplant pre‐emptive antiviral therapy with pegylated IFN and ribavirin is associated with low sustained virological response rates and was found to have no advantage over treatment of manifest HCV re‐infection. Safety and efficacy of triple antiviral therapy including boceprevir or telaprevir in patients with manifest HCV re‐infection are currently under investigation in clinical trials. Relevant drug interactions have been shown to occur during calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) and concomitant triple antiviral therapy, which vary with type of CNI and choice of HCV protease inhibitor. Newer direct‐acting antivirals with lower or minimal toxicity, when used in combination with immunosuppressives, are worthy of further study in LT patients. This review focuses on hot topics in the management of hepatitis B and C patients before and after LT and offers a critical summarised selection of the corresponding relevant studies published in the current literature or presented at recent liver congresses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anxiety as a Core Aspect of Schizophrenia

The clinical relevance of anxiety disorders in schizophrenia has been neglected for a long time and has only recently become the subject of a systematic investigation, although its consequences may have a very negative impact on the outcome and considerably worsen the trajectory of the disease. This could be originally related to the hierarchical organization of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and to the lack of assessment instruments. In this article, we will review the most recent literature concerning two of the most impairing anxiety disorders in comorbidity with schizophrenia, such as panic disorder and social anxiety disorder, briefly analyze the role of anxiety in the prodromal phase of psychosis and provide suggestions for the clinical assessment.     

Italian Chapter of the International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound expert consensus document on coronary computed tomography angiography: overview and new insights

Coronary computed tomography angiography is a noninvasive heart imaging test currently undergoing rapid development and advancement. The high resolution of the three‐dimensional pictures of the moving heart and great vessels is performed during a coronary computed tomography to identify coronary artery disease and classify patient risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The technique provides useful information about the coronary tree and atherosclerotic plaques beyond simple luminal narrowing and plaque type defined by calcium content. This application will improve image‐guided prevention, medical therapy, and coronary interventions. The ability to interpret coronary computed tomography images is of utmost importance as we develop personalized medical care to enable therapeutic interventions stratified on the bases of plaque characteristics. This overview provides available data and expert's recommendations in the utilization of coronary computed tomography findings. We focus on the use of coronary computed tomography to detect coronary artery disease and stratify patients at risk, illustrating the implications of this test on patient management. We describe its diagnostic power in identifying patients at higher risk to develop acute coronary syndrome and its prognostic significance. Finally, we highlight the features of the vulnerable plaques imaged by coronary computed tomography angiography.     

Repeated injection of botulinum toxin a in patients with neurogenic bladder: our experience

Background: In literature, the majority of data about treatment with botulinum toxin A are based on the results of a single treatment. We evaluate the safety and effectiveness in the medium term of the use of botulinum toxin type A in patients with neurogenic bladder, taking into consideration the clinical and urodynamic parameters, particularly in cases with repeated injections. Methods: 25 patients were divided into 2 groups: a first group of patients with detrusor overactivity, and a second with overactive sphincter. We performed 20-30 injections (Dysport), at a dose ranging between 500 and 1000 U. The first group was treated with infiltration in the detrusor and in the detrusor and trigone. The second group received injections in the perisphinteric zone, and in the?perisphinteric zone and bladder neck. Of the 25 patients, 12 received a retreatment: the first group of patients kept a daily voiding diary to record the number of bladder emptying, incontinence episodes, nycturia and urgency of urination. The urodynamic parameters and symptoms pre-treatment and 4 months after the treatment were compared in both groups. Results: In the first group there were significant changes in the cystometric capacity, maximum detrusor pressure, and in the post-void residual urine 4 months after treatment. These patients were satisfied with the treatment because of the improvement of incontinence and episodes of urgency. In 9 out of 15 retreated patients, the therapeutic results were similar to the first treatment. The second group reported significant improvements in maximum urinary flow rate, post-void residual urine and maximum detrusor pressure. 3 out of 10 patients were retreated even in this group; the new therapeutic results were similar to the first treatment. Conclusions: Our results in 25 patients with neurogenic bladder showed a concordance with the literature data. The treatment of detrusor and sphincter neurogenic overactivity with botulinum toxin A is effective and safe. Also in the 12 patients with repeated injection treatment, it has been proven safe and effective.     

(In)accuracy of blood pressure measurement in 14 Italian hospitals

OBJECTIVES:: The diagnosis and control of hypertension depend on accurate measurement of blood pressure (BP). The literature on the accuracy of BP recording by health professionals is, however, limited, and no study directly interviewed patients in the hospital setting. This multicenter cross-sectional study aimed at evaluating the compliance to current recommendations on BP measurement by health professionals directly from patients and to investigate potential predictors of higher quality in BP recording. METHODS:: A trained nurse interviewed a random sample of adult patients hospitalized for an ordinary admission (except in the emergency room) lasting more than one night, without mental disorder, who had their BP routinely measured by the hospital personnel less than 3?h before. The questionnaire contained 15 items on the main procedures that are common to current guidelines. RESULTS:: Fourteen public hospitals from seven regions of Italy participated, and 1334 questionnaires were collected. Nine of the recommended practices were followed in the majority (>70%) of BP recordings, whereas some others were infrequent or rare: in 98.6, 82.2 and 81.1% of the participants, respectively, the arm circumference was never recorded, BP was measured only once, and BP was never recorded in both arms. Overall, 10 or more recommended procedures were followed during 33.4% recordings. At multivariate analysis, physicians were less likely than nurses to provide a more accurate BP measurement. CONCLUSIONS:: The operator's compliance to some recommendations in BP measurement is unacceptably low. This survey provides detailed indications for medical directors on the procedures and settings to prioritize in educational programs, which are definitely needed.     

Mycotoxin Removal by Lactobacillus spp. and Their Application in Animal Liquid Feed

The removal of mycotoxins from contaminated feed using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has been proposed as an inexpensive, safe, and promising mycotoxin decontamination strategy. In this study, viable and heat-inactivated L. acidophilus CIP 76.13T and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CIP 101027T cells were investigated for their ability to remove aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol (DON) from MRS medium and PBS buffer over a 24 h period at 37 °C. LAB decontamination activity was also assessed in a ZEA-contaminated liquid feed (LF). Residual mycotoxin concentrations were determined by UHPLC-FLD/DAD analysis. In PBS, viable L. acidophilus CIP 76.13T and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CIP 101027T cells removed up to 57% and 30% of ZEA and DON, respectively, while AFB₁ and OTA reductions were lower than 15%. In MRS, 28% and 33% of ZEA and AFB₁ were removed, respectively; OTA and DON reductions were small (≤15%). Regardless of the medium, heat-inactivated cells produced significantly lower mycotoxin reductions than those obtained with viable cells. An adsorption mechanism was suggested to explain the reductions in AFB₁ and OTA, while biodegradation could be responsible for the removal of ZEA and DON. Both viable LAB strains reduced ZEA by 23% in contaminated LF after 48 h of incubation. These findings suggest that LAB strains of L. acidophilus CIP 76.13T and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CIP 101027T may be applied in the feed industry to reduce mycotoxin contamination.     

Diagnostic and prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of tumor depth of invasion and bone invasion in patients with oral cavity cancer

La radiologia medica - To evaluate the accuracy of preoperative contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the assessment of radiological depth of invasion (rDOI) and bone invasion in...