TCR repertoire in early fetal mouse thymus

We investigated the rearrangement and expression of TCR genesin mouse fetal thymus organ culture, a system that avoids subsequententry of hematopoietic precursor cells. The first observablerearranged TCR gene was homogeneous V2-J2, detectable as earlyas fetal day 11 (d11) in the thymic primordla. The productiveTCR was homogeneous V5-J1, first detectable in d13 thymocytes,followed by adult-type TCR (V4 and V7). Sequence analysis ofTCR revealed five types of V-J junctional sequences. In thevery early stage, a homogeneous V-J junction is generated viaa short homology sequence in the coding region (Type I), whilea short homology sequence in the P-nucleotlde rather than thecoding region is used in the following stage (Type II). In thelater embryonic stages, diverse V-J junctions are generatedby well-known mechanisms, such as P-nucleotide (Type III), N-regioninsertion (Type IV) or trimming of the coding ends (Type V).These findings suggest that the generation of homogeneous TCR (V2 and V5) in the early fetal stages is due to the intrinsicrearrangement mechanisms and is in stage specific manner.     

Synphilin-1 transgenic mice exhibit mild motor impairments

Synphilin-1 represents a cytoplasmic protein that interacts with α-synuclein and localizes close to synaptic vesicles. The interaction of synphilin-1 with several proteins involved in Parkinson's disease suggests that it might be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Nonetheless, the function of synphilin-1 remains unclear. In the present study, we generated transgenic mice expressing human synphilin-1 under the prion protein promoter. Synphilin-1 was widely expressed in neurons in the brain including the substantia nigra, where massive loss of dopamine neurons was not observed. In the transgenic mouse brain, synphilin-1 protein was polyubiquitinated, and partially insoluble. Although modified-SHIRPA revealed no significant difference in behavior and morphology, the reduced rotarod performance and step length were observed in transgenic mice as compared with non-transgenic littermates. Synphilin-1 might be involved in motor function, and its accumulation in the central nervous system can cause motor impairments.     

Alteration of gene expression in intervertebral disc degeneration of passive cigarette- smoking rats: separate quantitation in separated nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus.

OBJECTIVE: We constructed a passive cigarette-smoking model with rats to investigate the molecular mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration, and found by gene expression analysis that passive cigarette smoking stimulated the stress-responsive signal pathway and inhibited the apoptotic pathway. In this study, to clarify that these changes were derived from either nucleus pulposus (NP) or annulus fibrosus (AF), we separately collected NP and AF and quantitatively analyzed gene expression. METHODS: Total RNA was extracted from NP and AF of the lumbar intervertebral discs from rats which were kept in a smoking box for 4 and 8 weeks. Gene expression was measured by real-time PCR of cDNA synthesized from the total RNA. RESULTS: Stress-responsive protein, heat shock protein 70, was expressed similarly in NP and AF, and was upregulated to the same degree after 8 weeks of passive cigarette smoking. The protein tyrosine phosphatase gene was expressed more strongly in AF than in NP, and was upregulated after 8 weeks of smoking in both tissue parts. The type II collagen and aggrecan genes were predominantly expressed in AF and NP, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that passive cigarette smoking stimulates both NP and AF, and induces the stress-responsible genes such as heat shock protein 70 and protein tyrosine phosphatase in both.     

Beta-catenin mutations are frequent in calcifying odontogenic cysts, but rare in ameloblastomas

We have reported previously that alterations to beta-catenin occur frequently in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. Based on its histological resemblance to some odontogenic tumors, we suspected the presence of common genetic alterations among these tumors. To address this issue, 11 cases of calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) and 20 cases of ameloblastoma were investigated for the presence of beta-catenin mutations and beta-catenin expression. Ten COCs were successfully analyzed by direct sequencing, and nine of them were found to harbor somatic beta-catenin mutations. Immunohistochemically, all of the COCs showed nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of beta-catenin with a heterogeneous pattern. No beta-catenin mutations were found in ameloblastomas, except for one case of the follicular type. All follicular ameloblastomas exhibited moderate nuclear and cytoplasmic accumulation of beta-catenin, in contrast to the predominantly membranous expression seen in the plexiform type. beta-Catenin mutation is considered to be a characteristic genetic feature of COC, and may play a critical role in its histogenesis. Although ameloblastoma closely resembles COC histologically, the two have genetically distinctive features.     

Ras homolog gene family H (RhoH) deficiency induces psoriasis-like chronic dermatitis by promoting TH17 cell polarization

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Activation of SiO2-supported zirconocene catalysts by common trialkylaluminiums

A modified SiO₂ was prepared by reacting SiO₂ with Cl₂Si(CH₃)₂ in toluene, on which methylaluminoxane (MAO) was supported to obtain a catalyst precursor. The mixture of the precursor and Cp₂ZrCl₂ (Cp: cyclopentadienyl) gave polyethylene in a high yield even by using common trialkylaluminiums as cocatalyst. Surprisingly, the MAO-free catalyst system composed of the modified SiO₂ and Cp₂ZrCl₂ was also found to be activated by common trialkylaluminiums.     

Oxidative stress, ER stress, and the JNK pathway in type 2 diabetes

Pancreatic -cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are observed in type 2 diabetes. Under diabetic conditions, oxidative stress and ER stress are induced in various tissues, leading to activation of the JNK pathway. This JNK activation suppresses insulin biosynthesis and interferes with insulin action. Indeed, suppression of the JNK pathway in diabetic mice improves insulin resistance and ameliorates glucose tolerance. Thus, the JNK pathway plays a central role in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and may be a potential target for diabetes therapy.     

Identification of mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene,including a novel genomic rearrangements resulting in large deletion,in Korean X-linked agammaglobulinemia patients

Mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene are responsible for X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). We identified BTK mutations in six patients with presumed XLA from unrelated Korean families. Four out of six mutations were novel: two missense mutations (P565T, C154Y), a point mutation in a splicing donor site (IVS11+1G>A), and a large deletion (a 6.1-kb deletion including BTK exons 11–18). The large deletion, identified by long-distance PCR, revealed Alu-Alu mediated recombination extended from an Alu sequence in intron 10 to another Alu sequence in intron 18, spanning a distance of 6.1 kb. The two known mutations consisted of one missense (G462D) mutation, and a point mutation in a splicing acceptor site (IVS7−9A>G). This study suggests that large genomic rearrangements involving Alu repeats are few but an important component of the spectrum of BTK mutations.     

Nerve growth factor-induced hyperexcitability of rat sensory neuron in culture

Abnormal spontaneous firing of primary sensory neurons is considered to be a cause of neuropathic pain. However, pathogenic mechanisms of hyperexcitable sensory neurons in neuropathic model animals are unclear. We examined effects of chronic treatment of nerve growth factor (NGF), one of candidate mediators for the pathogenesis, on excitability of sensory neurons by voltage-clamped recording in a cell-attached configuration. From rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons cultured without NGF, only stable holding currents without spontaneous firing activity were recorded. On the other hand, more than 20% neurons cultured in the presence of NGF for more than 3 days showed spontaneous current spikes at frequencies between 0.1 and 5 Hz. Each spikes had an initial inward phase followed by the outward phase, resulted from spontaneous transient depolarization followed by transient hyperpolarization. These spontaneous spikes were abolished by tetrodotoxin, lidocaine and reduction of extracellular concentration of Na+ from 154 mM to 100 mM, in all-or-none fashion, suggesting that spontaneous current spikes reflected spontaneous action potentials. From these results, it became evident that DRG neurons of adult rats had a nature to respond to NGF and obtained the abnormal hyperexcitability to fire spontaneously.