全文获取类型
收费全文 | 10678篇 |
免费 | 578篇 |
国内免费 | 107篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 118篇 |
儿科学 | 196篇 |
妇产科学 | 97篇 |
基础医学 | 1198篇 |
口腔科学 | 172篇 |
临床医学 | 722篇 |
内科学 | 3111篇 |
皮肤病学 | 148篇 |
神经病学 | 608篇 |
特种医学 | 554篇 |
外科学 | 1971篇 |
综合类 | 44篇 |
预防医学 | 283篇 |
眼科学 | 108篇 |
药学 | 540篇 |
中国医学 | 13篇 |
肿瘤学 | 1480篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 137篇 |
2022年 | 281篇 |
2021年 | 473篇 |
2020年 | 234篇 |
2019年 | 296篇 |
2018年 | 395篇 |
2017年 | 265篇 |
2016年 | 298篇 |
2015年 | 261篇 |
2014年 | 397篇 |
2013年 | 449篇 |
2012年 | 745篇 |
2011年 | 759篇 |
2010年 | 440篇 |
2009年 | 360篇 |
2008年 | 620篇 |
2007年 | 623篇 |
2006年 | 561篇 |
2005年 | 538篇 |
2004年 | 522篇 |
2003年 | 482篇 |
2002年 | 452篇 |
2001年 | 140篇 |
2000年 | 156篇 |
1999年 | 168篇 |
1998年 | 127篇 |
1997年 | 101篇 |
1996年 | 115篇 |
1995年 | 78篇 |
1994年 | 64篇 |
1993年 | 48篇 |
1992年 | 71篇 |
1991年 | 76篇 |
1990年 | 56篇 |
1989年 | 72篇 |
1988年 | 51篇 |
1987年 | 46篇 |
1986年 | 62篇 |
1985年 | 42篇 |
1984年 | 29篇 |
1983年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 26篇 |
1978年 | 21篇 |
1977年 | 20篇 |
1973年 | 19篇 |
1972年 | 14篇 |
1969年 | 13篇 |
1968年 | 17篇 |
1967年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Toshikazu Saito M.D. Hideaki Ishizawa M.D. Fumiaki Tsuchiya M.D. Hiroki Ozawa M.D. Naohiko Takahata M.D. 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》1986,40(2):189-194
Abstract: Monoamine and their acid metabolites were determined in the CSF of 18 drug-treated chronic schizophrenic patients with the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism (Parkinsonism). Six healthy volunteers were used as the control group.
The norepinephrine (NE) levels were found to be significantly higher in the patients with tardive dyskinesia than in the controls. Furthermore, elevated CSF NE levels were also observed in the patients with Parkinsonism. Epinephrine (E) and Dopamine (DA) were not present in the CSF of the control group, whereas measurable levels of DA could be detected in 4 out of 9 and E was found in 8 out of 9 patients with tardive dyskinesia. The mean concentration of HVA was slightly but not significantly elevated in the patients with tardive dyskinesia and Parkinsonism. The mean values of CSF 5-HIAA were all within the normal range in both patient groups. From the above results, it was suggested that abnormal adrenergic activity rather than abnormal dopaminergic activity may play an important role as a mechanism in the etiopathogenesis of extrapyramidal disorders. Furthermore, in the patients with Parkinsonism, CSF neurochemical observations were similar to those of the patients with tardive dyskinesia in this study. It may help to explain the clinical coexistence of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism. 相似文献
The norepinephrine (NE) levels were found to be significantly higher in the patients with tardive dyskinesia than in the controls. Furthermore, elevated CSF NE levels were also observed in the patients with Parkinsonism. Epinephrine (E) and Dopamine (DA) were not present in the CSF of the control group, whereas measurable levels of DA could be detected in 4 out of 9 and E was found in 8 out of 9 patients with tardive dyskinesia. The mean concentration of HVA was slightly but not significantly elevated in the patients with tardive dyskinesia and Parkinsonism. The mean values of CSF 5-HIAA were all within the normal range in both patient groups. From the above results, it was suggested that abnormal adrenergic activity rather than abnormal dopaminergic activity may play an important role as a mechanism in the etiopathogenesis of extrapyramidal disorders. Furthermore, in the patients with Parkinsonism, CSF neurochemical observations were similar to those of the patients with tardive dyskinesia in this study. It may help to explain the clinical coexistence of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism. 相似文献
42.
43.
Histogenesis of the duodenum, especially changes in the epithelium in relation to temporal occlusion and re-canalization of
the lumen, was investigated by light microscopy together with morphometric analysis, as well as by scanning and transmission
electron microscopy of 133 externally normal human embryos ranging from Carnegie stage 12 to 23. A series of morphogenetic
events passed the duodenum in a cranio-caudal (proximo-distal) wave like fashion during the period examined. They included:
(1) a decrease in the caliber and area of the lumen, (2) ’occlusion’ of the lumen, (3) vacuole formation, (4) ’re-canalization’
and villi formation. The only exemption to this rule was that, in the upper part of the duodenum, the lumen was not obliterated
in the embryos examined. Morphometric analyses revealed that both the area of the epithelium and the number of epithelial
cells decreased during the ’occlusion’ phase. This result suggests that, unlike the classical view, epithelial cell proliferation
does not play an important role in occluding the lumen, but the predominant morphogenetic event during this phase is convergence
of the epithelial cells to elongate the duodenum. Apoptosis, contrary to some classical views, decreased during the ’re-canalization’
phase, and it appeared to be involved in the formation of the small lumens in the epithelial ’plug’ and in villi formation,
but not in enlarging the secondary lumens. The secondary small lumens in the occluded lumen were frequently formed near the
border between the central ’plug’ and peripheral basal cells on the basement membrane. This and other findings of concentric
differentiation in both the epithelial and mesenchymal layers suggested a possible control mechanism by the epithelium-mesenchymal
interaction on human duodenal morphogenesis and histogenesis. The present electron microscopic observations also provided
details on the mechanisms involved in the enlargement of the secondary lumen and differentiation of villi. The implications
of these findings to duodenal anomalies are also discussed.
Accepted: 12 November 2001 相似文献
44.
45.
Cell type-specific involvement of RIG-I in antiviral response 总被引:34,自引:0,他引:34
Kato H Sato S Yoneyama M Yamamoto M Uematsu S Matsui K Tsujimura T Takeda K Fujita T Takeuchi O Akira S 《Immunity》2005,23(1):19-28
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in antiviral response by recognizing viral components. Recently, a RNA helicase, RIG-I, was also suggested to recognize viral double-stranded RNA. However, how these molecules contribute to viral recognition in vivo is poorly understood. We show by gene targeting that RIG-I is essential for induction of type I interferons (IFNs) after infection with RNA viruses in fibroblasts and conventional dendritic cells (DCs). RIG-I induces type I IFNs by activating IRF3 via IkappaB kinase-related kinases. In contrast, plasmacytoid DCs, which produce large amounts of IFN-alpha, use the TLR system rather than RIG-I for viral detection. Taken together, RIG-I and the TLR system exert antiviral responses in a cell type-specific manner. 相似文献
46.
47.
Hisamatsu K Kusano KF Morita H Takenaka S Nagase S Nakamura K Emori T Matsubara H Ohe T 《Acta medica Okayama》2004,58(1):29-35
We attempted to determine the usefulness of body surface mapping (BSM) for differentiating patients with Brugada syndrome (BS) from patients with asymptomatic Brugada syndrome (ABS). Electrocardiograms (ECG) and BSM were recorded in 7 patients with BS and 35 patients with ABS. Following the administration of Ic antiarrhythmic drugs, BSM was recorded in 5 patients with BS and 16 patients with ABS. The maximum amplitudes at J0, J20, J40 and J60 were compared between the 2 groups, as were 3-dimensional maps. The maximum amplitudes at J0, J20 and J60 under control conditions were larger in patients with BS than in patients with ABS (P < 0.05). A three-dimensional map of the ST segments under control conditions in patients with BS showed a higher peak of ST elevation in the median precordium compared to that for patients with ABS. Increases in ST elevation at J20, J40 and J60 following drug administration were greater in patients with BS than in patients with ABS (P < 0.05). Evaluation of the change in amplitude of the ST segment at E5 caused by Ic drug administration was also useful for differentiating between the 2 groups. In conclusion, BSM was useful for differentiating patients with BS from those with ABS. 相似文献
48.
Yoshiji Asaoka Tokuma Yanai Haruko Hirayama Yumi Une Eriko Saito Hiroki Sakai 《Avian pathology》2004,33(1):19-24
Sporadic outbreaks of fatal enteritis occurred among free-living wild crows (‘large billed’ or ‘wok’ crow; Corvus macrorhynchos) in an open-air park in Japan in 2002. Eight crows were found dead during February, followed by two more in September, and five of the eight were examined histopathologically. At necropsy, all cases showed a markedly dilated small intestine, especially the jejunum and ileum, with large amounts of gas, and dark red to greenish–brown soft content. The necrotic intestinal wall was markedly thickened with multifocal haemorrhages. All cases had multifocal white foci in the liver, and four cases showed marked splenomegaly. Histologically, there was severe necrotic enteritis characterized by extensive mucosal necrosis and multifocal haemorrhages, as well as inflammatory cell infiltrations. A prominent pseudo-membrane formation was noted in the affected intestine. Severe adhesive peritonitis was also observed in three cases. Gram-positive bacilli were present in large numbers in the lumen, and in and around necrotic lesions in the affected intestine. The bacilli were positive for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin type A by immunohistochemistry, and were also positive for C. perfringens type A using the immunofluorescence method. C. perfringens was isolated by anaerobic culture from the intestinal contents. The present enteritis was thought to be induced by proliferated C. perfringens in the intestine, and to be the cause of death. 相似文献
49.
Nomura H Nishimori H Yasoshima T Hata F Tanaka H Nakajima F Honma T Araya J Kamiguchi K Isomura H Sato N Denno R Hirata K 《Clinical & experimental metastasis》2002,19(5):391-399
To elucidate the mechanisms of metastasis, we established two sublines HPC-1H5 with a highly liver metastatic cell line and
HPC-1P5a with a highly peritoneal disseminating cell line, which were sequentially selected from the parental pancreatic cancer
cell line HPC-1. Using these three cell lines, we investigated several biological properties and mRNA levels of differentially-expressed
genes involved in cancer metastasis by cDNA macroarray. Microscopic findings for the three cell lines were the same. The tumorigenicity,
in vitro growth ability, motile activity, adhesive activity and the production of IL-8 of metastatic sublines were higher than those
of parental HPC-1 cells. Particularly, HPC-1H5 cells showed clearly higher levels of IL-8 expression and tumors of HPC-1H5
cells grew faster and bigger than those of HPC-1P5a cells. In cDNA macroarray analysis of HPC-1H5 cells, 22 genes were up-regulated
and 44 genes were down-regulated compared with parental HPC-1 cells. In HPC-1P5a cells, 9 genes were up-regulated and 28 genes
were down-regulated compared with parental HPC-1 cells. This study provides a demonstration of global gene expression analysis
of pancreatic cancer cells with liver metastasis and peritoneal dissemination. Furthermore, our results provide a new insight
into the study of liver metastasis and peritoneal dissemination of human pancreatic cancer.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
50.
Accelerated Loss of Islet β Cells in Sucrose-Fed Goto-Kakizaki Rats, a Genetic Model of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《The American journal of pathology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Motoi Koyama Ryu-ichi Wada Hiroyasu Sakuraba Hiroki Mizukami Soroku Yagihashi 《The American journal of pathology》1998,153(2):537-545
The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a spontaneously diabetic animal model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by progressive loss of β cells in the pancreatic islets with fibrosis. In the present study, we examined the effects of sucrose feeding on the islet pathology in this model. Six-week-old GK rats were fed with 30% sucrose for 6 weeks to induce severe hyperglycemia, and their condition was compared with that of nontreated rats. Age-matched normal Wistar rats were also given sucrose for the same periods and used for comparison. The sucrose-treated GK rats showed elevated blood glucose levels on oral glucose tolerance tests at 60 minutes and 120 minutes, representing 123% and 127% of values in untreated GK rats, respectively. At the end of the study, the mean β-cell volume density in GK rats was 50% less than that in untreated Wistar rats. Sucrose feeding further reduced the volume densities of β cells to only 50% of the levels of age-matched GK rats. Apoptotic cells were found in islet β cells only in GK rats fed sucrose (mean 0.067%). There appeared to be more islets that immunohistochemically stained strongly positive with 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine as a marker of oxidative damage of DNA in GK rats fed sucrose compared with those not given sucrose. GK rats not fed sucrose showed significantly lower proliferative activity of β cells measured by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine uptake and intensified expression of Bcl-2 immunoreactivities at 6 weeks of age compared with those in age-matched Wistar rats. These two indices were reduced in both GK and Wistar rats with increasing age and were not affected by sucrose feeding in either group. The present study thus indicated that sucrose feeding promoted the apoptosis of β cells in GK rats through increased oxidative stress without altering their proliferative activity. 相似文献