甲基强的松龙用于重症哮喘患者院前急救中的效果

目的:探讨甲基强的松龙用于重症哮喘患者院前急救中的效果。方法:选取2018年3月—2019年3月我院收治的65例重症哮喘患者为主要对象,采用随机数表法分组,对照组(n=32)在院前急救中用地塞米松,观察组(n=33)在院前急救中用甲基强的松龙,比较两组用药前后的心率、呼吸频率、临床症状评分及用药安全性。结果:两组急救后的呼吸频率和心率均明显小于抢救前,且观察组小于对照组,两组比较有显著差异;观察组临床症状评分小于对照组,两组有显著差异;经比较用药安全性,观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组,两组差异显著。结论:在重症哮喘院前急救中应用甲基强的松龙兼具有效性和安全性,可改善临床症状,提升生存质量,值得推广。     

短期使用氯喹/羟氯喹引起不良反应的病例报道分析及合理应用建议

目的检索与分析短期应用氯喹/羟氯喹(CQ/HCQ)可能导致的药品不良反应(ADR)及分析相关影响因素,为临床合理应用提供参考。方法通过检索PubMed、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库从建库至今CQ/HCQ引起的药品相关不良反应的个案报道的相关文献,设定单次服药至服药3个月内出现的ADR情况,分析CQ/HCQ可能引起的ADR及容易诱发ADR的相关因素,进行分析总结。结果共检索到文献1280篇,最终纳入42篇。其中心脏ADR共7篇10例,主要为心律失常,包括房室传导阻滞4例、Q-T间期延长4例;其中3例死亡,7例停药后恢复,服药1 g/d以上出现心脏毒性更快。视觉相关ADR文献4篇5例,其中应用CQ的1例,为单次用药后出现视力下降。HCQ的4例,出现黄斑病变1例,视物模糊1例,结膜充血2例。出现视物模糊与黄斑病变的患者停药后未恢复。皮肤ADR纳入21篇,严重的可引起Stevens-Johnson综合征2例,急性或泛发性脓疱病10例。其他严重ADR共10篇,主要表现为神经精神系统ADR。结论CQ/HCQ可引起严重ADR,对既往有心脏疾病、合并使用有相互作用的药物应进行严密监测,制定新型冠状病毒肺炎治疗的合理剂量,还应考虑患者疾病严重程度、肝肾功能情况,选择不同的药物与给药方案。     

Tp‐e and (Tp‐e)/QT ratio as a non‐invasive risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmia in patients with idiopathic ventricular premature complexes

BackgroundTo evaluate the role of Tp‐e and (Tp‐e)/QT ratio in differentiating benign ventricular premature complex (VPC) and malignant polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT).MethodsFrom January 2017 to December 2017, patients with documented polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) were consecutive included and classified as PVT/VF group. Sixty age‐ and sex‐matched healthy individuals were recruited as comparative control and subdivided into non‐VPC and VPC group. Clinical characteristics and Tp‐e and Tp‐e/QT ratio between the three groups were compared.ResultsTp‐e and (Tp‐e)/QT ratio were significantly higher in patients of PVT/VF group compared with the other two groups (P < .001). Episodes of syncope were more frequent in patients with PVT/VF (P < .05). The sensitivity and specificity of a Tp‐e interval ≥86 ms for malignant arrhythmias triggered by VPCs were 88% and 66%, respectively, while the sensitivity and specificity of the Tp‐e/QT ratio ≥0.24 were 82% and 70%, respectively. Five patients complained recurrence of syncope in the PVT/VF group and 1 patient died with mean follow‐up of 18 months.ConclusionTp‐e interval and the Tp‐Te/QT ratio is significantly increased in patients with PVT/VF and may be used as a novel non‐invasive marker of differentiating malignant and benign VPC.     

Pediatric Cannabis Single-Substance Exposures Reported to the Michigan Poison Center From 2008–2019 After Medical Marijuana Legalization

BackgroundLegalization of medical and recreational cannabis is a major contributor to pediatric cannabis exposures. The trends and magnitude of pediatric cannabis exposures in Michigan after medical cannabis legalization in 2008 have not been assessed.ObjectiveTo describe the temporal trends of pediatric cannabis exposures reported to the Michigan Poison Center (MiPC) after medical cannabis was legalized in 2008 and 1 year after legalization of recreational cannabis in 2018.MethodsRetrospective electronic chart review of pediatric (<18 years old) single-substance cannabis exposures reported to the MiPC from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2019. Routes of cannabis exposure were reported as ingestion, inhalation, and unknown. Types of ingested cannabis products were also documented.ResultsBetween 2008 and 2019, 426 pediatric cannabis single exposures were reported. The median patient age was 6.0 years (interquartile range 2–15 years). Age distribution was bimodal. A total of 327 (76.8%) exposures were from cannabis ingestion, 79 (18.5%) from inhalation, 2 (0.5%) from both ingestion and inhalation, and 18 (4.2%) from unknown route. The doubling time for number of cases was 2.1 years, and the total number of annual reported cases increased after 2016. Teenagers (13–17 years) had the highest number of inhalational exposures, whereas young children (0–5 years) had the highest number of ingestions.ConclusionSingle-substance pediatric cannabis exposures reported to the Michigan Poison Center increased after medical cannabis was legalized in 2008 through recreational legalization in 2018.     

乳腺结节超声BI-RADS分类3~5类的量化评分研究

目的探讨基于超声BI-RADS分类的量化评分方法在乳腺结节良恶性风险评估中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析486个最大直径>1 cm的乳腺结节,将其超声征象与患者年龄作为评分指标并进行赋值,计算每个结节的总分并根据设定的BI-RADS 3~5类的分值界限进行BI-RADS分类。绘制ROC曲线,寻找最佳诊断分值界限。结果 486个乳腺结节中良性结节368个,恶性结节118个。ROC曲线下面积为0.952,以总分9分作为诊断界值,其灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为91.52%、83.69%、85.60%。BI-RADS 3、4a、4b、4c、5类的恶性构成比分别为0%、8.06%、29.09%、65.22%、92.54%。结论基于乳腺结节超声BI-RADS分类的量化评分方法可行性大,对常规超声下乳腺结节的良恶性风险评估有较高的准确度,有助于BI-RADS分类的推广应用。     

颞部HRCT多平面重组及曲面重组诊断先天性小耳畸形

目的 观察先天性小耳畸形颞部高分辨率CT（HRCT）多平面重组（MPR）及曲面重组（CPR）表现。方法 对61例临床诊断先天性小耳畸形（69耳）患者颞部HRCT行MPR及CPR,观察其表现。结果 69患耳中,53耳外耳道骨性闭锁（53/69,76.81%）,66耳（66/69,95.65％）锤骨畸形,55耳（55/69,79.71％）砧骨畸形,27耳（27/69,39.13％）镫骨畸形。60耳（60/69,86.96％）见不同程度面神经管（FNC）畸形,包括17耳（17/60,28.33％）FNC位于鼓室段低位,其中14例单侧小耳畸形FNC鼓室段低位,患侧FNC鼓室段上缘与水平半规管内端垂直距离[1.40（1.20,1.50）mm]大于对侧[0.80（0.60,0.80）mm,Z=－4.533,P=0.001]。57耳（57/60,95.00％）FNC乳突段前位,其中45例单侧小耳畸形FNC乳突段前位,患侧FNC乳突段中点至膝状神经窝前缘连线的垂直距离[7.10（5.70,8.50）mm]小于对侧[11.00（10.00,12.10）mm,Z=－7.531,P=0.001];2耳（2/60,3.33%）FNC迷路段-乳突段缺如;1耳（1/60,1.67%）FNC鼓室段-乳突段缺如;5耳（5/60,8.33%）见FNC鼓室段裂缺,3耳（3/60,5.00%）FNC明显纤细,7耳（7/60,11.67%）见FNC乳突段分叉畸形。结论 颞部HRCT及MPR、CPR能清晰显示先天性小耳畸形外耳道、各听小骨、听骨链及FNC畸形,具有一定诊断价值。     

超声微泡介导微RNA治疗肝细胞癌的研究进展

基因治疗正逐渐成为肝细胞癌（HCC）、尤其晚期HCC的治疗方案。足够剂量的特定微RNA（miRNA）可抑制HCC细胞生长,超声微泡介导基因和药物递送治疗策略可促使miRNA于肿瘤区域靶向释放,从而达到治疗效果。本文对超声微泡介导miRNA治疗HCC研究进展进行综述。     

Association of Implementation of a Comprehensive Preconception-to-Pregnancy Management Plan With Pregnancy Outcomes Among Chinese Pregnant Women With Type 1 Diabetes: The CARNATION Study

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect on pregnancy outcome of integrating a comprehensive management plan for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) into the World Health Organization universal maternal care infrastructure.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA comprehensive preconception-to-pregnancy management plan for women with T1D was implemented in 11 centers from 8 Chinese cities from 2015 to 2017. Sequential eligible pregnant women (n = 133 out of 137 initially enrolled) with T1D and singleton pregnancies attending these management centers formed the prospective cohort. The main outcome was severe adverse pregnancy outcome comprising maternal mortality, neonatal death, congenital malformations, miscarriage in the second trimester, and stillbirth. We compared pregnancy outcomes in this prospective cohort with two control groups with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria: a retrospective cohort (n = 153) of all eligible pregnant women with T1D attending the same management centers from 2012 to 2014 and a comparison cohort (n = 116) of all eligible pregnant women with T1D receiving routine care from 2015 to 2017 in 11 different centers from 7 cities.RESULTSThe rate of severe adverse pregnancy outcome was lower in the prospective cohort (6.02%) than in either the retrospective cohort (18.30%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.31 [95% CI 0.13–0.74]) or the contemporaneous comparison cohort (25.00%; aOR 0.22 [95% CI 0.09–0.52]).CONCLUSIONSThe substantial improvements in the prospective cohort are evidence of a potentially clinically important effect of the comprehensive management plan on pregnancy outcomes among Chinese pregnant women with pregestational T1D. This supports the development of similar approaches in other countries.     

Successful application of burst spinal cord stimulation for refractory upper limb pain: a case series

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used to treat sustained pain that is intractable despite various types of treatment. However, conventional tonic waveform SCS has not shown promising outcomes for spinal cord injury (SCI) or postamputation pain. The pain signal mechanisms of burst waveforms are different to those of conventional tonic waveforms, but few reports have presented the therapeutic potential of burst waveforms for the abovementioned indications. This current case report describes two patients with refractory upper limb pain after SCI and upper limb amputation that were treated with burst waveform SCS. While the patients could not obtain sufficient therapeutic effect with conventional tonic waveforms, the burst waveforms provided better pain reduction with less discomfort. However, further studies are necessary to better clarify the mechanisms and efficacy of burst waveform SCS in patients with intractable pain.