Method of determining a patient's subjective refraction based on objective measurement

PURPOSE: To develop a method for predicting the manifest refraction from objective measurement using wavefront sensing. We tested the hypothesis that, when the eye has an optimal refractive correction, the refractive power of the eye is in the most stable state, with the least fluctuation in its total optical aberration and hence least amount of standard deviation in the wavefront error. METHODS: Nine patients were enrolled in this study. All measurements were performed using a grating-based wavefront instrument manufactured by Ophthonix, Inc. The test procedure involved adding defocus power binocularly in the line of sight of the patient. Five added diopter powers were used: plano (no add), +1.00 D, +0.50 D, -0.50 D, and -1.00 D. The eyes were undilated, and the measurement was taken at a single added defocus power each day over 5 days. The patients had a binocular view and were asked to focus on a picture at 20 feet. Manifest refraction was used as the reference point (the +/- added powers are relative to this "plano" power). RESULTS: For each patient, the standard deviation (STDEV) of the total root mean square values of the wavefront measurement were used as a measure of vision fluctuation. Spherical equivalent manifest refraction was tested against the added defocus as a measure of the method's predictability. Graphic plots of standard deviation of the total wavefront error against the added diopter power showed that the minima of the vision fluctuation from the data sets were within -0.10 and +0.30 D (95% limit of agreement). The mean difference between the manifest refraction and the most stable point of vision was 0.14 D. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results of 10 eyes show promise that using an objective method of monitoring vision fluctuation may produce good agreement with the manifest refraction. The method should be further validated using a smaller step of added defocus and involving a larger number of test subjects representing a sample of the general population.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结淋巴细胞亚群的初步研究

目的　研究乳腺癌发生转移和未发生转移时前哨淋巴结 (sentinellymphnode,SLN)的免疫功能。方法　采用流式细胞技术 ,检测乳腺癌患者SLN中免疫细胞CD3 T、CD4 T、CD8 T、CD16 NK和CD19 B的改变 ,并与非SLN的检测结果进行比较。结果　肿瘤未发生转移时 ,SLN的CD3 T、CD4 T、CD8 T、CD16 NK、CD19 B数量与非SLN差异无显著性。当肿瘤发生转移时 ,SLN的CD4 T、CD8 T发生显著性改变 ,由正常的以CD4 T(6 9.0 7± 5 .0 2 )细胞为主 ,转变为以CD8 T细胞 (6 6 .15±5 .97)为主 ;而CD3 T、CD16 NK、CD19 B与肿瘤未发生转移的SLN相比 ,差异无显著性。结论　SLN免疫细胞数量与非SLN相比 ,差异无显著性。但肿瘤细胞转移后 ,改变了淋巴结的微环境 ,使淋巴结内CD4 T、CD8 T免疫细胞比例发生改变。     

Effect of tetramethylpyrazine on acute nociception mediated by signaling of P2X receptor activation in rat

Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as an analgesic for dysmenorrhea. In the present study, we try to investigate the effects of TMP on acute nociception mediated by P2X receptor activation of rat hindpaw and the membrane depolarization of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons induced by P2X receptor agonists. The subcutaneous administration of TMP (0.1-10 mmol) into rat hindpaw in a dose-dependent manner decreased acute paw flinching responses mediated by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP, 1000 nmol) or alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-meATP, 600 nmol). The subcutaneous administration of TMP (5 or 10 mmol) into rat hindpaw inhibited significantly the first phase of nociceptive behaviors induced by 5% formalin and attenuated slightly the second phase of nociceptive behaviors induced by 5% formalin. The subcutaneous administration of TMP (10 mmol) into rat hindpaw reduced the nociceptive responses induced by alpha,beta-meATP (200 nmol) co-injected with Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 5 micromol). The membrane depolarization induced by ATP (200 micromol) or alpha,beta-meATP (50 micromol) in DRG neurons was inhibited by TMP (300 micromol). The data suggest that the antinociceptive effect of TMP is involved in blocking the signaling of P2X3 receptor activation in rat.     

Electro-acupuncture preconditioning abrogates the elevation of c-Fos and c-Jun expression in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic rat brains induced by glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker

This study aimed to clarify the neuroprotective mechanism of electro-acupuncture (EA) preconditioning on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI). Using Western blot, the expression of c-fos protein (c-Fos) and c-jun protein (c-Jun) induced by glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive potassium (K_ATP) channel blocker was examined from cerebral cortical and hippocampal samples in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic rats, with or without EA preconditioning. EA was performed on Hegu (LI4), a well-known acupoint commonly used in Oriental medicine for the treatment of neuronal injury resulting from hypoxia–ischemia (HI). Preconditioned rats were treated with either diazoxide, a K_ATP channel opener, glibenclamide, or sterile saline injected into the left lateral ventricle (i.c.v.), with or without EA administration before HI insult. Interestingly, low c-Fos and c-Jun expressions were found both in diazoxide and EA groups, 24 h after HI. Furthermore, significant differences in relative optical density (ROD) were found between glibenclamide and HI control groups (P≤0.05), as well as between the group administered glibenclamide after EA and the HI control group (P≤0.05). However, the level of c-Fos and c-Jun expression in the group administered glibenclamide after EA was significantly lower than in the glibenclamide group (P≤0.05). The present findings indicate that the effectiveness of EA preconditioning against HIBI may be mediated via the opening of K_ATP channels.     

Importance of vitreous liquefaction in age-related cataract

PURPOSE: Vitrectomy is associated with the rapid progression of nuclear cataracts. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that age-related liquefaction of the vitreous gel may also be associated with lens opacification. METHODS: Lenses from eye bank eyes were graded for nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular opacities, and the amount of liquid vitreous was measured. RESULTS: Nuclear sclerosis (NS) grade, percent liquefaction, and age all correlated highly (P < 0.0001). After adjustment was made for age, the correlation between NS and percent liquefaction was 0.37 (P < 0.0001), and the correlation between age and NS after adjustment for liquefaction was 0.57 (P < 0.0001). After the eyes were stratified into age groups, the correlation between NS and percent liquefaction was found to be highest in eyes from donors aged 51 to 70. Cortical and posterior subcapsular opacities increased with age, but scores for these cataract types did not significantly correlate with vitreous liquefaction. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of vitreous gel during aging increases the risk of nuclear cataracts. Preservation or replacement of the vitreous gel may protect patients from nuclear cataract.     

血管内皮生长因子及其受体mRNA在乳腺癌组织中的表达

目的　研究血管内皮生长因子及其受体FLT 1、FLK 1mRNA在乳腺癌组织中的表达及与临床病理因素的相关性。　方法　采用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术对手术的 47例乳腺癌标本 ,11例乳腺良性病变标本中血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)及其受体FLT 1、FLK 1mRNA的表达进行检测。结果　在良、恶性乳腺组织中均检测到VEGF12 1、165mRNA的表达 ,在乳腺癌组织中表达水平分别为0 42 0± 0 13 3、0 2 91± 0 0 94高于良性乳腺组织 0 196± 0 0 67(P =0 0 0 0 )、0 2 0 6± 0 0 5 8(P =0 0 0 1) ;在乳腺癌组织中 ,VEGF12 1mRNA表达高于VEGF165mRNA(P =0 0 0 0 ) ,而在良性乳腺组织中两者表达水平差异无显著性意义 (P =0 666)。FLT 1、FLK 1mRNA在部分乳腺癌组织中表达 ,分别为 3 8 3 %(18/4 7)和 2 5 5 % (12 /4 7) ,而在良性乳腺组织中未见表达。乳腺癌组织中VEGF12 1、VEGF165、FLT 1、FLK 1mRNA表达与患者年龄、肿块大小、淋巴结转移状况、肿瘤分期及雌、孕激素受体状况之间无明显相关性。　结论　乳腺癌组织中VEGF12 1、165及其受体FLT 1、FLK 1mRNA表达水平上调 ,提示其在乳腺癌的血管生成中起着重要作用。     

健康教育中的健康传播策略

健康教育是通过有计划、有组织、有系统的社会和教育活动，促使人们自觉地采纳有益于健康的行为生活方式，消除或减轻影响健康的危险因素，预防疾病，促进健康和提高生活质量。作为一种投入少效果好的治疗方式，健康教育的基本任务之一是通过传播普及卫生科学知识，帮助人们建立健康信念和行为模式。     

替硝唑体外抗菌作用和对小鼠细菌性皮下脓肿的抑制作用

[目的 ]研究替硝唑注射液体外抗菌作用及对细菌引起的小鼠皮下脓肿形成的抑制作用 .[方法 ]测定最小抑菌浓度、最小杀菌浓度及ED50 .[结果 ]替硝唑注射液对多数厌氧菌尤其对革兰氏阴性厌氧菌的抗菌活性强于甲硝唑 .[结论 ]替硝唑注射液对消化链球菌和脆弱类杆菌所致的小鼠皮下脓肿有明显的抑制作用 ,其ED50 分别为 179 4 2mg/kg和 10 3 34mg/kg .