Generators of visual evoked potentials for faces and eyes in the human brain as determined by dipole localization

Human visual evoked potentials were recorded during presentation of photos of human and animal faces and various face features. Negative waves with approximate peak latencies of 165 msec (N170) were bilaterally recorded from the occipito-temporal regions. Mean peak latencies of the N170 were shorter for faces than eyes only. Analyses of amplitudes of evoked potentials indicated that the N170 elicited by faces reflected activity of a specific neural system which was insensitive to detailed differences among individual faces regardless of species, and consequently suggest that this system might function to detect existence of faces in general. On the other hand, the mean amplitude of the N170 elicited by human eyes was significantly larger than those by animal eyes. These differences in response latencies and amplitudes of the N170 suggest existence of at least 2 different visual evoked potentials with similar latencies (i.e., N170) which are sensitive to faces in general and human eyes, respectively. Dipole source localization analysis indicated that dipoles for the N170 elicited by eyes were located in the posterior inferior temporal gyrus, and those for faces, located initially in the same region, but moved toward the fusiform and lingual gyri at the late phase of the N170. The results indicated that information processing of faces and eyes separated at least as early as the latency of the N170 at the posterior inferior temporal gyrus as well as the fusiform and lingual gyri, and might provide neurophysiological and anatomical bases to an initial structural encoding stage of human faces.     

Nitric oxide inhibits smooth muscle responses evoked by cholinergic nerve stimulation in the guinea pig gastric fundus

In circular smooth muscle tissues of the guinea pig gastric fundus, transmural nerve stimulation (TNS) evoked an atropine-sensitive cholinergic excitatory junction potential (e.j.p.) and, after inhibiting the e.j.p. with atropine, an apamin-sensitive nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) inhibitory junction potential (i.j.p.). The amplitude of e.j.p.s was similar when the frequency of TNS was low (<0.5 Hz), but it decreased successively (depression phenomenon) when the frequency was high (>1 Hz). The depression phenomenon was attenuated after inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (NOLA), but was not altered by inhibiting the i.j.p. with apamin. The e.j.p.s were increased in amplitude by the inhibition of cholinesterase activity, but they were decreased by NO produced from SNP with no alteration of their depression phenomenon. Isometric twitch contractions were depressed during high-frequency TNS. NOLA caused an increase in the amplitude of twitch contractions and the attenuation of their depression that changed the transient contraction produced by high-frequency TNS (1 Hz) to a tetanic one. SNP reduced the amplitude of twitch contractions, with no alteration of the depression phenomena. Contractions produced by low concentrations of acetylcholine, but not by high concentrations, were attenuated by SNP, with no alteration of the membrane depolarization. The results suggest that NO produced during TNS has inhibitory actions on cholinergic transmission; the depression of e.j.p.s is mainly prejunctional events, and the depression of mechanical responses is mainly postjunctional events.     

A new selective agent for poly(tetrahydrofuran) degradation as a tool for the determination of the crystallite core size

The method formerly used to determine the crystallite core size of polyethylene was applied to poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF). This method is based on the different diffusivity of a chaincleaving agent in crystalline and amorphous parts of the polymer. Butyllithium was used as a cleaving agent of PTHF. The degree of polymerization of the undecomposed part of the polymer (PTHF crystallites) was determined by gel permeation chromatography. This value agrees well with the value to be expected from the size of the crystallites determined small-angle X-ray scattering.     

Enhancement of an inhibitory input to the feeding central pattern generator in Lymnaea stagnalis during conditioned taste-aversion learning

To study the neuronal mechanism of a conditioned taste-aversion (CTA) learning in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, we examined the synaptic connection between the neuron 1 medial (N1M) cell and the cerebral giant cell (CGC), the former is an interneuron in central pattern generator for the feeding response and the latter is a regulatory neuron to the central pattern generator. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) which was evoked in the N1M cell by activation of the CGC was larger and lasted longer in the conditioned animal than that in the control animal. The electrical properties of the cell body of CGC and the responses of the CGC to the chemosensory inputs were not changed during the CTA learning. These results, together with the previous report indicating the existence of excitatory projection from the N1M cell to the feeding motoneuron, suggest that enhanced IPSP in the N1M cell may underlie the suppression of feeding responses in the Lymnaea CTA learning.     

Effects of nerve growth factor and glucocorticoid on cultured human pheochromocytoma cells

Primary cell cultures of two human pheochromocytomas (PC) that were associated with high serum levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were developed to study the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and dexamethasone on the morphology and function of PC cells in vitro. By phase-contrast microscopy, cultured cells were small and hyperchromatic on the first day of culture; neurite-like processes that extended to other cells developed several days later and were maintained for more than 3 months. NGF (100ng/ml), dexamethasone (10^–5M), or NGF + dexamethasone were added to the culture media 2 weeks after the cultured cells had stabilized. Catecholamine concentrations in the medium were maintained at higher levels after addition of NGF, dexamethasone, or NGF + dexamethasone as compared to control cells. In the presence of NGF, extension of neurite-like processes was clearly accelerated, while high levels of dexamethasone inhibited growth of processes. These in vitro studies showed that the addition of NGF or the removal of dexamethasone induces differentiation of adrenal neurons present in pheochromocytomas, suggesting that adrenocortical steroid hormones influence the morphological control of adrenal medullary cells.     

Gene-deletion and carrier detections,and prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy by analysis of the dystrophin gene amplified by polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnosis was carried out in 62 patients (57 probands) with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD or BMD) and 226 members in 57 families. The PCR studies were also performed for carrier detection in 57 mothers and 58 sisters, and prenatal diagnosis of 4 fetuses at risk of DMD. The PCR with 7 sets of primers, which amplify 7 different exon-sequences of the dystrophin gene, detected gene deletion of at least one exon in 49% of the probands. The PCR with the other 4 primer sets, which amplify 3 intragenic loci, and subsequent endonuclease digestion detected in 84% of the mothers a heterozygous pattern in at least one such locus/segment. Using the same primer sets, carrier detection was successful in 5 sisters of familial DMD cases, while recombination between the ERT87 and the 3 end intragenic loci was observed in 11% of family members studied. Prenatal diagnosis was made in all the 4 fetuses; two males were affected, one male fetus non-affected, and the remaining one female fetus a carrier. Thus, the PCR study and the primers used in the present study are useful and convincing for rapid diagnosis of DMD and/or BMD.     

Difference in the phenotypes of bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes in patients with summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis, farmer's lung, ventilation pneumonitis, and bird fancier's lung: report of a nationwide epidemiologic study in Japan

We performed a nationwide epidemiologic study of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in Japan by questionnaire and found that 835 cases of HP were recognized during the 1980s; 74.4% were summer-type HP, 8.1% farmer's lung, 4.3% ventilation pneumonitis, 4.1% bird fancier's lung, 2.3% other types, such as chemical worker's lung, and 6.8% of unknown causative agent. It was found that the CD4/CD8 ratios of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) lymphocytes were significantly different with the type of disease. The ratio was 0.6 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM) in summer-type HP (N = 271), 4.4 +/- 0.7 in farmer's lung (N = 22), 1.6 +/- 0.3 in ventilation pneumonitis (N = 19), and 2.0 +/- 0.5 in bird fancier's lung (N = 19). In farmer's lung, the CD4/CD8 ratio in smokers was 6.2 +/- 1.9 (N = 6) in contrast with 3.4 +/- 0.7 for nonsmokers (N = 16) (p less than 0.05). It has been generally considered that the phenotypes of BAL lymphocytes in patients with HP are predominately CD8 cells. Our present results, however, indicate that the phenotypes of BAL lymphocytes vary with the type of HP, probably depending on factors such as causative agent, smoking, or staging of the disease.     

Mesp1-nonexpressing cells contribute to the ventricular cardiac conduction system.

Previous fate mapping analysis, using Cre recombinase driven by the Mesp1 locus, revealed that Mesp1 is expressed in almost all of the precursors of the cardiovascular system, including the endothelium, endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. Mesp1-nonexpressing cells were found to be restricted to the outflow tract cushion and along the interventricular septum (IVS), which is a location that is suggestive of specialized cardiac conduction system (CCS). In our current study, we examined the identity of these IVS cells by using the pattern of beta-galactosidase activity in CCS-lacZ mice. In addition, by crossing Mesp1-Cre and floxed GFP reporter mice with CCS-lacZ mice, we have calculated that approximately 20% of the ventricular CCS within the IVS corresponds to Mesp1-nonexpressing cells. These data suggest that the ventricular CCS is of heterocellular origin. Furthermore, we indicate a possibility that a population of the cells that contribute to the ventricular CCS might be distinguished at an early stage of development.     

Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis: A report of two unrelated adult sibling cases and a literature review

Two unrelated adult sibling cases (36- and 32-year-old females) of Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis are presented. The parents of one of these patients were non-consanguineous but natives of a small Island, and one elder sister among four siblings was affected with the same disease. The parents of the other patient were consanguineous, and one other sibling suffered from the identical disease. Both patients presented with multiple subcutaneous nodules, which they had had since infancy, and had undergone numerous surgical excisions. Light microscopy examination of skin lesions from both patients showed identical histology; an abundance of a homogenous, amorphous, eosinophlllc extracellular matrix in which spindle-shaped cells were embedded. Electron microscopically, the spindle-shaped cells had hypertrophic Golgi apparatus and dilated, rough endoplasmlc reticulum. Fine flbrillar and granular material-filled structures, the contents of which were occasionally released into the extracellular matrix, were also seen, immunohistochemically, the spindle-shaped cells were vlmentin-positive but negative for α-smooth muscle actln and S-100 protein, and the hyaline ground substance was positive for type I and type III collagen but negative for type II and type IV collagen and tenascin. Matrix metalloprotelnase-1, -2, and -9, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TlMP)-2 was positive but TIMP-1 was negative. A review of 39 cases of juvenile hyaline fibromatosis In the literature is also presented. In summary, skin lesions may be the most outstanding symptoms of juvenile hyaline fibromatosis, but joint contracture and gingival hypertrophy precede the skin manifestation.