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91.
Regulated CPEB phosphorylation during meiotic progression suggests a mechanism for temporal control of maternal mRNA translation 下载免费PDF全文
CPEB is an mRNA-binding protein that stimulates polyadenylation-induced translation of maternal mRNA once it is phosphorylated on Ser 174 or Thr 171 (species-dependent). Disruption of the CPEB gene in mice causes an arrest of oogenesis at embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5), when most oocytes are in pachytene of prophase I. Here, we show that CPEB undergoes Thr 171 phosphorylation at E16.5, but dephosphorylation at the E18.5, when most oocytes are entering diplotene. Although phosphorylation is mediated by the kinase aurora, the dephosphorylation is due to the phosphatase PP1. The temporal control of CPEB phosphorylation suggests a mechanism in which CPE-containing mRNA translation is stimulated at pachytene and metaphase I. 相似文献
92.
Fiber optic probes are a key element for biomedical spectroscopic sensing. We review the use of fiber optic probes for optical spectroscopy, focusing on applications in turbid media, such as tissue. The design of probes for reflectance, polarized reflectance, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy is illustrated. We cover universal design principles as well as technologies for beam deflecting and reshaping. 相似文献
93.
Bradley Q. Fox Peninah F. Benjamin Ammara Aqeel Emily Fitts Spencer Flynn Brian Levine Elizaveta Maslak Rebecca L. Milner Benjamin Ose Michael Poeschla Meghna Ray Maeve Serino Sahaj S. Shah Kelly L. Close 《Clinical Diabetes》2021,39(2):160
To the best of our knowledge, there are no published data on the historical and recent use of CGM in clinical trials of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of diabetes. We analyzed 2,032 clinical trials of 40 antihyperglycemic therapies currently on the market with a study start date between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2019. According to ClinicalTrials.gov, 119 (5.9%) of these trials used CGM. CGM usage in clinical trials has increased over time, rising from <5% before 2005 to 12.5% in 2019. However, it is still low given its inclusion in the American Diabetes Association’s latest guidelines and known limitations of A1C for assessing ongoing diabetes care.The availability of reliable continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems has proven to be a major innovation in diabetes management and research. Most current CGM systems are approved for 7- to 14-day use and use a wire-tipped glucose oxidase sensor inserted in subcutaneous tissue to monitor glucose concentrations in interstitial fluid. One implanted CGM system is approved for longer-term use (90–180 days); it operates with fluorescence-based technology. CGM sensors record a glucose data point every 1–15 minutes (depending on the system), collecting far more granular data and information on glycemic patterns than self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) alone. Real-time CGM or intermittently scanned CGM systems send data continuously or intermittently to dedicated receivers or smartphones, whereas professional CGM systems provide retrospective data, either blinded or unblinded, for analysis and can be used to identify patterns of hypo- and hyperglycemia. Professional CGM can be helpful to evaluate patients when other CGM systems are not available to the patient or the patient prefers a blinded analysis or a shorter experience with unblinded data.In the 20 years since CGM systems first became available to people with diabetes, technological improvements, particularly pertaining to accuracy and form factor, have made CGM increasingly viable for both patient use and clinical investigation (1,2). Average sensor MARD (mean absolute relative difference; a summary accuracy statistic) has decreased from >20 to <10% (3–10), including two systems that do not require fingerstick calibrations and three that are approved to be used for insulin dosing (11). Concurrently, size, weight, and cost of CGM systems have all decreased, while user-friendliness and convenience have increased (12).To encourage use of CGM-derived data, researchers and clinicians have worked to develop a standard set of glycemic metrics beyond A1C. In 2017, two international groups of leading diabetes clinical and research organizations published consensus definitions for key metrics, including clinically relevant glycemic cut points for hypoglycemia (<70 and <54 mg/dL), hyperglycemia (>180 and >250 mg/dL), and time in range (TIR; 70–180 mg/dL) (13,14).CGM-derived metrics provide far greater precision and granularity than is possible with SMBG or A1C data alone (Table 1), enabling clinicians and investigators to better represent inter- and intraday glycemic differences with metrics such as TIR, glycemic variability, and time in hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia (15). Crucially, CGM also allows for the accurate measurement and detection of nocturnal glycemia (16). The use of these metrics enables a more comprehensive understanding of glycemic management that can facilitate individualized treatment for people with diabetes or prediabetes. Although A1C is a useful estimate of mean glucose over the previous 2–3 months, especially when evaluating population health, it is important to include other glycemic outcomes in clinical trials. Furthermore, there is emerging evidence suggesting that TIR predicts the development of microvascular complications at least as well as A1C (17,18).TABLE 1Benefits of CGM Compared With A1C Alone in Assessing Glycemia
Open in a separate windowDespite recent standardization of metrics and an emerging consensus around the importance of including CGM-derived outcomes in clinical trials, to our knowledge, there has been no attempt to estimate the historical and current use of CGM in clinical trials of pharmacological agents for diabetes. We sought to analyze the use of CGM in trials of currently available pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of diabetes. 相似文献
CGM | A1C Alone |
---|---|
Facilitates real-time readings of blood glucose levels | Requires SMBG |
Provides information on glucose variability, including duration of hypo- and hyperglycemia and nocturnal glycemia | Does not provide information on acute glycemic excursions and time in biochemical hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia |
Correlates strongly with 3 months of mean glucose, TIR, and hyperglycemia metrics | Measures average glucose during the past 2–3 months |
Provides information on direction of and rate of change in glucose levels | Does not provide information on direction of or rate of change in glucose levels |
Provides TIR data (time spent between 70 and 180 mg/dL) | Does not have TIR measurement capability |
94.
Identification and characterization of a Neospora caninum microneme-associated protein (NcMIC4) that exhibits unique lactose-binding properties 下载免费PDF全文
Keller N Riesen M Naguleswaran A Vonlaufen N Stettler R Leepin A Wastling JM Hemphill A 《Infection and immunity》2004,72(8):4791-4800
Microneme proteins have been shown to play an important role in the early phase of host cell adhesion, by mediating the contact between the parasite and host cell surface receptors. In this study we have identified and characterized a lectin-like protein of Neospora caninum tachyzoites which was purified by alpha-lactose-agarose affinity chromatography. Upon separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this lactose-binding protein migrated at 70 and 55 kDa under reducing and nonreducing conditions, respectively. Immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy with affinity-purified antibodies showed that the protein was associated with the tachyzoite micronemes. Mass spectrometry analyses and expressed sequence tag database mining revealed that this protein is a member of the Neospora microneme protein family; the protein was named NcMIC4 (N. caninum microneme protein 4). Upon two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, NcMIC4 separated into seven distinct isoforms. Incubation of extracellular parasites at 37 degrees C resulted in the secretion of NcMIC4 into the medium as a soluble protein, and the secreted protein exhibited a slightly reduced M(r) but retained its lactose-binding properties. Immunofluorescence was used to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of NcMIC4 in tachyzoites entering their host cells and showed that reexpression of NcMIC4 took place 30 min after entry into the host cell. Incubation of secreted fractions and purified NcMIC4 with Vero cells demonstrated binding of NcMIC4 to Vero cells as well as binding to chondroitin sulfate A glycosaminoglycans. 相似文献
95.
Bedilu R Nummy KA Cooper A Wevers R Smeitink J Kleijer WJ Friderici KH 《Molecular genetics and metabolism》2002,77(4):282-290
Beta-mannosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease resulting from a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme beta-mannosidase. The clinical manifestations of this disease in reported human cases are very heterogeneous ranging from relatively mild to moderately severe. This is in contrast with the severe prenatal onset seen in ruminant beta-mannosidosis. In humans, mental retardation, hearing loss, frequent infections, and behavioral problems are relatively common. Dysmorphology and skeletal involvement such as those seen in ruminants are unusual. The purpose of this study is to determine the range of clinical expression in human beta-mannosidosis resulting from null mutations. We determined that the beta-mannosidase gene consists of 17 exons. Intron-based PCR primers were designed and used to amplify each of the exons in genomic DNA isolated from patient fibroblasts. We identified two patients with null mutations. Results of the analysis showed that one patient was heterozygous for nonsense mutations G334T (E83X) in exon 2 and C1363T (Q426X) in exon 10, resulting in truncation of the deduced peptide sequence from 879 to 82 and 425 amino acids, respectively. The second patient was homozygous for a deletion mutation in exon 11 (1541delAT). This deletion causes a reading frame shift and 26 out of frame amino acids before a stop codon occurs in exon 12, resulting in truncation of the deduced peptide sequence from 879 to 510 amino acids. Because disease presentation in these patients with null mutations is very variable, ranging from mild to severe, we conclude that beta-mannosidosis in humans may indeed be milder than typical of other lysosomal storage disorders. 相似文献
96.
Twells RC Mein CA Phillips MS Hess JF Veijola R Gilbey M Bright M Metzker M Lie BA Kingsnorth A Gregory E Nakagawa Y Snook H Wang WY Masters J Johnson G Eaves I Howson JM Clayton D Cordell HJ Nutland S Rance H Carr P Todd JA 《Genome research》2003,13(5):845-855
Patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the human genome are beginning to be characterized, with a paucity of haplotype diversity in "LD blocks," interspersed by apparent "hot spots" of recombination. Previously, we cloned and physically characterized the low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene. Here, we have extensively analysed both LRP5 and its flanking three genes, spanning 269 kb, for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and we present a comprehensive SNP map comprising 95 polymorphisms. Analysis revealed high levels of recombination across LRP5, including a hot-spot region from intron 1 to intron 7 of LRP5, where there are 109 recombinants/Mb (4882 meioses), in contrast to flanking regions of 14.6 recombinants/Mb. This region of high recombination could be delineated into three to four hot spots, one within a 601-bp interval. For LRP5, three haplotype blocks were identified, flanked by the hot spots. Each LD block comprised over 80% common haplotypes, concurring with a previous study of 14 genes that showed that common haplotypes account for at least 80% of all haplotypes. The identification of hot spots in between these LD blocks provides additional evidence that LD blocks are separated by areas of higher recombination. 相似文献
97.
rIFN-γ-mediated growth suppression of platinum-sensitive and -resistant ovarian tumor cell lines not dependent upon arginase inhibition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marincola FM 《Journal of translational medicine》2003,1(1):1-2
The purpose of translational research is to test, in humans, novel therapeutic strategies developed through experimentation.
Translational research should be regarded as a two-way road: Bench to Bedside and Bedside to Bench. However, Bedside to Bench
efforts have regrettably been limited because the scientific aspects are poorly understood by full time clinicians and the
difficulty of dealing with humans poorly appreciated by basic scientists. Translational research would be most useful to the
scientific community at large if journals would foster specific interest for the publication of ex vivo human observation. The review process for such work should be assigned to clinical scientists competent not only in the intricacies
of molecular or cell biology but also intimate with the reality of Internal Review Boards, ethics committees, Governmental
Regulatory Agencies and most importantly the humane aspects of dealing with sick individuals and their families. This approach
may focus both basic and clinical scientists and those struggling to fill the gap between them on the effective treatment
of diseases affecting women, men and children making translational research more than an interesting concept. 相似文献
98.
Distribution of Burkholderia cepacia complex species among isolates recovered from persons with or without cystic fibrosis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3 下载免费PDF全文
We analyzed Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates recovered from 1,218 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and 90 patients without CF. Although all B. cepacia complex species were found, some were rarely identified. The distribution of species differed between the CF and non-CF populations and appears to be changing over time among CF patients. 相似文献
99.
Vivek Kapur Joanne T. Maffei Rebecca S. Greer Ling-Ling Li Gerald J. Adams James M. Musser 《Microbial pathogenesis》1994,16(6)
Virtually all clinical isolates of group A streptococci secrete a highly conserved extracellular cysteine protease that cleaves human fibronectin and vitronectin, and converts IL-1β precursor to biologically active IL-1β. Based on the high degree of gene conservation within the species and its role in host pathogenicity, it was postulated that antibodies to the cysteine protease would confer protective immunity against S. pyogenes infection. To test this hypothesis, Swiss CD1 mice were intraperitoneally administered either saline, rabbit IgG, or IgG from rabbits immunized with the protease, and challenged with a highly virulent (minimum lethal dose 10 cfu) clinical isolate of S. pyogenes expressing a heterologous cysteine protease. The results indicate that mice administered IgG from rabbits immunized with purified cysteine protease had significantly enhanced survival when compared with mice given either non-specific rabbit IgG (log rank test; χ2; p = 0.0195) or saline (log rank test; χ2; p = 0.0002). Moreover, mice actively immunized with the cysteine protease had a significantly longer time to death than the control group (log rank test; χ2; p = 0.0418). The results show that the cysteine protease elicits non-type-specific immunity to challenge with heterologous S. pyogenes. 相似文献
100.
Nicol?Moreland Linda?La GrangeEmail author Rebecca?Montoya 《BMC complementary and alternative medicine》2002,2(1):10