Three-hour interval drain clamping reduces postoperative bleeding in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized controlled trial

Background

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common procedure that has a risk of significant blood loss and blood transfusion, and carries a substantial risk for immunologic reactions and disease transmission. Drain clamping is a popular method that is applied to reduce blood loss after TKA. However, the clamping protocol remains controversial. Therefore, we established a new protocol, 3-h interval clamping, and compared the bleeding control efficacy of this protocol following TKA with the non-clamping technique.

Methods

Between March and July 2008, we enrolled 100 patients (100 knees) who underwent uncomplicated TKA using a minimally invasive surgical technique. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups based on the draining protocol: non-clamping (group A) and 3-h interval clamping (group B). For group A, a vacuum drain was connected to a container and was run continuously during the first postoperative day, whereas the vacuum was stopped twice (for ~3 h each time) for group B. Demographic characteristics and clinical data were collected, including the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit, the total blood loss volume, the number of patients who required a blood transfusion, and any complications that developed. The perioperative data were compared between the two groups.

Results

The drainage blood volume in the interval-clamping group (group B) was significantly lower than that in the non-clamping group (group A) during the first 48 h following the procedure (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005 for first and second postoperative days, respectively). The mean fall in hemoglobin levels at 12 h in the interval-clamping group (2.8 ± 0.9 g/dL) was also lower than in the non-clamping group (3.2 ± 0.8 g/dL). In the 3-h interval clamping protocol, the number of patients requiring a transfusion was 2.2 times less than the number in the non-clamping protocol, but was not significantly different (odds ratio = 2.20, p = 0.24), and the significant predictor of blood transfusion was the preoperative hemoglobin level (odds ratio = 7.73, p < 0.001). No wound infection or clinical venous thromboembolisms were detected in our study.

Conclusion

The 3-h interval clamping is a newly developed protocol for reducing blood loss after TKA. The protocol lessens the decrease in postoperative hemoglobin levels. This protocol can be applied easily without increasing clinical thromboembolic events and wound complications.     

Outcome of 4 Surgical Treatments for Wear and Osteolysis of Cementless Acetabular Components

Background

Loosening and periprosthetic osteolysis are some of the most common long-term complications after hip arthroplasty. The decision-making process and surgical treatment options are controversial.

Increased cartilage volume after injection of hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis knee patients who underwent high tibial osteotomy

Purpose

High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a surgical procedure used to correct abnormal mechanical loading of the knee joint; additionally, intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections have been shown to restore the viscoelastic properties of synovial fluid and balance abnormal biochemical processes. It was hypothesized that combining HTO with intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections would have benefit to improve the cartilage volume of knee joints.

Methods

Forty patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) were randomly placed into 1 of 2 groups. The study group (n = 20) received 2 cycles (at 6-month intervals) of 5 weekly intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections after HTO operation. The control group (n = 20) did not receive any intra-articular injections after HTO surgery. Cartilage volume (primary outcome) was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pre-operatively and 1 year post-operatively. Treatment efficacy (secondary outcomes) was evaluated with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA Index (WOMAC) and by the comparison of the total rescue medication (paracetamol/diclofenac) used (weeks 6, 12, 24, 48).

Results

MRI studies showed a significant increase in total cartilage volume (p = 0.033), lateral femoral cartilage volume (p = 0.044) and lateral tibial cartilage volume (p = 0.027) in the study group. Cartilage volume loss was detected at the lateral tibial plateau in the control group. There were significant improvements after surgery in both groups for all subscales of WOMAC scores (p < 0.001) compared to the baseline. However, no difference was found between the two groups. The study group had significantly lower amounts of diclofenac consumption (p = 0.017).

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the present study, intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections may be beneficial for increasing total cartilage volume and preventing the loss of lateral tibiofemoral joint cartilage after HTO.

Level of evidence

Therapeutic study, Level I.     

Late effects in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a study from Thai Pediatric Oncology Group

Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk of long-term late effects. Therefore, systematic screenings of the late complications are essential. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of late effects of Thai children and adolescents after completion of ALL therapy. We performed a cross-sectional study for evaluation of the late effects in ALL survivors who came for follow-up at 10 pediatric oncology centers in Thailand. We evaluated the treatment-related late complications of children and adolescents who had finished ALL treatment for at least 2 years. Demographic data, treatment modalities, and late effects were recorded and analyzed. There were 258 survivors with a median age of 12.2 years (range 3.6–23.3 years). The median follow-up time was 7.2 years (range 2–17.5 years). Forty-seven percent (122 cases) suffered from at least one late effect. Overweight/obesity was the most common late effect. Radiation of central nervous system was a significant risk factor for overweight/obesity (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.02–3.81) and educational problems (OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.32–14.02). Our data have demonstrated a significant prevalence of late effects after childhood ALL therapy. A long-term follow-up program for survivors of childhood cancer is therefore needed in our country.     

Outcomes of pediatric retinoblastoma treated with ICEV regimen: A single-center study

Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of combination ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine (ICEV) in advanced-stage pediatric retinoblastoma [International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) group D or E], and in ICRB group C in the second eye in simultaneously treated bilateral retinoblastoma. The medical records of retinoblastoma patients treated with concurrent ICEV regimen and focal therapy were retrospectively reviewed. The ICEV treatment protocol was, as follows: ifosfamide 1800?mg/m² on Days 1–3; MESNA 600?mg/m² on Days 1–3; carboplatin 560?mg/m² on Day 1; etoposide 150?mg/m² on Days 1–3; and vincristine 1.5?mg/m² on Day 1. Of 16 retinoblastoma patients, 13 had bilateral disease. Seven first eyes in bilateral disease that were enucleated prior to ICEV therapy were excluded. Twenty-two eyes were finally included (six group C, six group D, and ten group E). Median follow-up was 3.4 years, and the median number of ICEV courses was 7. Fifteen globes could be salvaged, 12 responded to ICEV (six group C, five group D, and one group E), and three unresponsive eyes could be salvaged with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Enucleation-free and relapse-free survival was 68.2 and 54.5%, respectively. The results of this study suggest ICEV as an alternative therapeutic approach for globe salvage in pediatric retinoblastoma, especially in ICRB groups C and D with manageable acute toxicity. Further study in larger cohort is needed to confirm the effectiveness of treatment.